ELG4126: Case Study of Renewable Energy and Smart Grid PHASE 1: SIMCOE WIND FARM By Lindsay Thompson, 5203120 Presented to Professor Riadh Habash 2/15/2013 Table of Contents 1.0 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................... 3 2.0 WIND FARM DEVELOPMENT PHASE ....................................................................................................... 3 2.1 WIND ASSESSMENT AND LOCATION................................................................................................... 3 2.2 WIND FARM DESIGN ........................................................................................................................... 3 2.3 WIND TURBINE SELECTION ................................................................................................................. 4 2.3.1 CATEGORY OF WIND TURBINE ..................................................................................................... 5 2.3.2 CAPACITY FACTOR CALCULATION ................................................................................................ 6 2.4 ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT ........................................................................................................ 7 2.4.1 LIGHTNING AND ICE CONDITIONS ............................................................................................... 7 2.4.2 BIRD/BAT EFFECT ......................................................................................................................... 7 2.4.3 NOISE CONDITIONS ...................................................................................................................... 8 2.5 LAND ACQUISITION ............................................................................................................................. 8 2.6 PERMITTING AND CONSULTATION ..................................................................................................... 8 2.7 WIND TURBINE PLACEMENT ............................................................................................................... 8 2.7.1 INTEGRATING WITH WOLFE ISLAND WIND FARM ....................................................................... 9 2.7.2 CABLE SELECTION ....................................................................................................................... 10 2.7.3 GRID CONNECTION .................................................................................................................... 10 2.7.4 POWER QUALITY ........................................................................................................................ 11 2.7.5 WIND FARM PROTECTION REQUIREMENTS .............................................................................. 11 2.8 ECONOMICAL AND FINANCIAL ANALYSIS ......................................................................................... 12 3.0 CONSTRUCTION PHASE ......................................................................................................................... 13 3.1 MANUFACTURING AND SITE PREPARATION ..................................................................................... 13 3.3 COMMISSIONING .............................................................................................................................. 13 4.0 OPERATION ........................................................................................................................................... 14 5.0 CONCLUSION ......................................................................................................................................... 14 6.0 References ............................................................................................................................................ 15 2 1.0 INTRODUCTION The Simcoe Wind Farm is located on an small Island in Lake Ontario near Kingston , Ontario. This project involves the construction, installation and operation of 5 REpower System MM92 series wind turbines, each rated at 2MW, for a total installed capacity of 10MW. The generated power will be transmitted from the island to the mainland, where it will then be used to power approximately 4,000 homes! This case study will analyse and determine the feasibility of different aspects related to the development, construction and operation phases of the Simcoe wind farm. 2.0 WIND FARM DEVELOPMENT PHASE 2.1 WIND ASSESSMENT AND LOCATION The location of the wind farm was chosen to be in an area near a big city where wind speeds are above 4m/s. The city chosen was Kingston Ontario, with a population of 160 000 people. Kingston is also located on Lake Ontario, at a 44.23 latitude and -76.48 longitude. Plugging these values into the Canadian Wind Energy Atlas, we obtain the information on wind speeds and energy displayed in Figure 2 [1]. Thus, the annual average wind speed is approximately 7.46m/s which is sufficient for a wind farm. The mean wind energy will be approximately 414.50 W/m2. Figure 1: Wind speeds Figure 2: Mean wind and energy for Kingston, Ontario 2.2 WIND FARM DESIGN Doing research on areas surrounding Kingston, I decided to place my wind farm on a nearby island, called Simcoe Island as seem in Figure3. This is a small island in Lake Ontario which is almost all farmland. The island is located near Wolfe Island, which is home to Canada's second largest wind farm. This is convenient because it will allow the Simcoe wind farm to have access to distribution stations and grid connections. The nearby transmission and distribution stations owned by Hydro One are displayed in Figure 4. From the Hydro One website, I was also Figure 3: Simcoe Island 3 Figure 4: TS and DS owned by Hydro One able to find information on distribution stations and available capacities. A list of the Gardiner distribution stations located near Kingston can be found in Figure5 [2]. There are two Gardiner Distribution stations, with a total of 5 feeder connections. In order to connect to one of these feeders, the thermal capacity of the DS, which is the estimated amount of generation that can be connected to a bus before exceeding the reverse flow limits of the transformer must be above 10MW. Unfortunately, we see that this is not the case. After summing the two Gardiner DS, we obtain a thermal capacity of 3.4MW + 3.5MW = 6.9MW, which is insufficient. Thus, for this case study it will be assumed that there is sufficient capacity for my 10MW wind farm to connect to the DS. Figure 5: Gardiner Distribution Stations 2.3 WIND TURBINE SELECTION I decided to purchase my wind turbines from REpower Systems SE, a Suzlon group company located in Hamburg, Germany.I decided to choose the MM92 wind turbine model, which is a 3-blade HAWT wind turbine. The specifications are listed in the table below [3]. It is important to note that the Rated power of this wind turbine is actually 2.05 MW but since the wind farm capacity for this project is 10MW, I will round off the rated power to 2MW rather than 2.05MW, thus having a total wind farm capacity of 10MW. Wind turbine info model MM92 Manufacturer RePower Systems Design Data Rated Power 2,050 kW Cut-in wind speed 3.0m/s Rated wind speed 12.5m/s Cut-out speed 24.0 m/s Wind zone Up to DIBt3 Type class Up to IEC IIA ROTOR Diameter 92.5m Rotor area 6,720 m2 Rotor speed 7.8 - 15.0 rpm (+12.5%) Nacelle weight (excluding rotor) Approximately 71.0 t Nacelle Length - Height - Width Approximately 10.3m - 3.9m - 3.8m ROTOR BLADE Length 45.2m Weight Approximately 8 t Type GRP sandwich construction; manufactured in Infusion-process Number of blades 3 4 YAW SYSTEM Type Double-row externally geared four-point bearing Drive System Gear motors Stabilization Disc brakes GEAR SYSTEM Type Combined planetary/spur wheel gearbox Transmission ratio i=approx 96.0 (60Hz) ELECTRICAL SYSTEM Generator Type Double-fed asynchronous generator 6-pole (60Hz) Rater power 2,050 kW Rated voltage 575 V (60Hz) Rated speed 720 - 1,440 rpm (60Hz) Generator protection class IP 54 Converter type Pulse width-modulated IGBTs POWER CONTROL Principle Electrical blade angle adjustment - pitch and speed control SOUND POWER LEVEL LWA, 95% 104.2 dB (A) TOWER Type Steel tube Hub height 68.5/80/100m * 80m hub height will be chosen* Hub weight (including pitch system) Approximately 17.5 t FOUNDATION Type Reinforced concrete foundation with foundation insert, adjusted to site conditions This is a very popular model, which has additional features as listed in the table below. ADDITIONAL FEATURES Individually adjustable blades (electrically controlled) - fail-safe system Extensive redundant temperature and speed sensing system Fully integrated lightning protection Shielded cables and power rails protecting people and machinery Rotor holding brake with soft-brake function The corresponding power curve is displayed in Figure 6.. 2.3.1 CATEGORY OF WIND TURBINE The generator used in the REpower MM92 wind turbine is a Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG), which means this is a Type 3 wind turbine, corresponding to variable speed with partial power electronics conversion. An example of a doubly- fed induction generator is shown below: Figure 6: MM92 Power curvce 5 Although the introduction of power electronics will result in the presence of harmonics, there are certain advantages that come with a DFIG, including the following [4]: Reasons for choosing DFIG Operation at variable rotor speeds. Optimization of the amount of power generated depending on wind. Control of the power factor. Generation