Study on the Development of Hill Stations Final Report 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS..........................................................................................i LIST OF TABLES..................................................................................................iv LIST OF FIGURES AND PLATES.......................................................................vii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................viii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.....................................................................................E-1 LIST OF ACTION PLANS...................................................................................A-1 CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND .......................................................................................... 1-1 1.2 STUDY OBJECTIVES................................................................................. 1-1 1.3 STUDY APPROACH................................................................................... 1-2 1.4 STUDY AREA ............................................................................................. 1-3 1.5 CONCEPT OF CARRYING CAPACITY ..................................................... 1-4 1.6 FORMAT OF REPORT ............................................................................... 1-5 CHAPTER 2 : CAMERON HIGHLANDS 2.1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................... 2-1 2.2 EXISTING SITUATION............................................................................... 2-2 2.2.1 Physical Environment .......................................................................................2-2 2.2.2 Biological Environment.....................................................................................2-9 2.2.3 Socio-Economic Environment ........................................................................2-17 2.2.4 Infrastructure & Utilities ..................................................................................2-31 2.3 STRENGTHS, WEAKNESSES, OPPORTUNITIES & THREATS............ 2-35 2.3.1 Strengths ........................................................................................................2-35 2.3.2 Weaknesses ...................................................................................................2-37 2.3.3 Opportunities ..................................................................................................2-41 2.3.4 Threats............................................................................................................2-42 2.4 CARRYING CAPACITY............................................................................ 2-45 2.5 ACTION PLANS ....................................................................................... 2-46 2.5.1 Development Focus and Guiding Issues........................................................2-46 2.5.2 Tourism Enhancement ...................................................................................2-46 2.5.3 Agriculture.......................................................................................................2-49 2.5.4 Infrasructure and Environmental Improvements .............................................2-51 2.5.5 Biodiversity Conservation...............................................................................2-53 2.5.6 Administrative .................................................................................................2-56 WWF Malaysia i December 2001 Study on the Development of Hill Stations Final Report 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 3 : GENTING HIGHLANDS 3.1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................... 3-1 3.2 EXISTING SITUATION............................................................................... 3-1 3.2.1 Physical Environment .......................................................................................3-1 3.2.2 Biological Environment.....................................................................................3-9 3.2.3 Socio-Economic Environment ........................................................................3-12 3.2.4 Infrastructure & Utilities ..................................................................................3-20 3.3 STRENGTHS, WEAKNESSES, OPPORTUNITIES & THREATS............ 3-23 3.3.1 Strengths ........................................................................................................3-23 3.3.2 Weaknesses ...................................................................................................3-26 3.3.3 Opportunities ..................................................................................................3-27 3.3.4 Threats............................................................................................................3-30 3.4 CARRYING CAPACITY............................................................................ 3-32 3.5 ACTION PLANS........................................................................................ 3-33 3.5.1 Development Focus and Guiding Issues........................................................3-33 3.5.2 Tourism Enhancement ...................................................................................3-33 3.5.3 Land Use Planning ........................................................................................3-35 3.5.4 Infrastructure and Environmental Improvements ............................................3-35 3.5.5 Biodiversity Conservation................................................................................3-37 3.5.6 Administrative..................................................................................................3-39 CHAPTER 4 : FRASER’S HILL 4.1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................... 4-1 4.2 EXISTING SITUATION............................................................................... 4-1 4.2.1 Physical Environment .......................................................................................4-1 4.2.2 Biological Environment.....................................................................................4-3 4.2.3 Socio-Economic Environment ........................................................................4-12 4.2.4 Infrastructure & Utilities ..................................................................................4-19 4.3 STRENGTHS, WEAKNESSES, OPPORTUNITIES AND THREATS....... 4-21 4.3.1 Strengths ........................................................................................................4-21 4.3.2 Weaknesses ...................................................................................................4-23 4.3.3 Opportunities ..................................................................................................4-26 4.3.4 Threats............................................................................................................4-27 4.4 CARRYING CAPACITY............................................................................ 4-30 4.5 ACTION PLANS ....................................................................................... 4-31 4.5.1 Development Plans and Guiding Issues ........................................................4-31 4.5.2 Tourism Enhancement ...................................................................................4-31 4.5.3 Land Use Planning ........................................................................................4-34 4.5.4 Infrastructure and Environmental Improvements ............................................4-35 4.5.5 Biodiversity Conservation................................................................................4-36 4.5.6 Administrative .................................................................................................4-37 WWF Malaysia ii December 2001 Study on the Development of Hill Stations Final Report 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 5 : LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK 5.1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................... 5-1 5.2 LEGAL ISSUES.......................................................................................... 5-1 5.2.1 Poor Land Use Planning and Management .....................................................5-1 5.2.2 Illegal Land Clearing.........................................................................................5-5 5.2.3 Soil Erosion and Landslides .............................................................................5-6 5.2.4 Water Pollution .................................................................................................5-8 5.2.5 Inappropriate Developments ..........................................................................5-10 5.2.6 Loss of Biological Diversity.............................................................................5-12 5.2.7 Logging...........................................................................................................5-14 5.3 INSTITUTIONAL ISSUES......................................................................... 5-17 5.3.1 Lack of Enforcement.......................................................................................5-17 5.3.2 Lack of Human and Technical Capacity.........................................................5-17 5.3.3 Lack of Co-ordination .....................................................................................5-18 APPENDIX