KEY DATA ON THE AUTOMOTIVE SECTOR November 2018 MARCH SACHON BEATRIZ WELTER ST-488-E November 2018 Key Data on the Automotive Sector MARC SACHON BEATRIZ WELTER Copyright © 2018 IESE. ST-488-E Key Data on the Automotive Sector Contents Acknowledgments ................................................................................................................... 6 Team Members ....................................................................................................................... 7 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 9 1. Automotive World Market Status ...................................................................................... 21 1.1. Production ............................................................................................................................ 21 1.1.1. Worldwide Production by Segment ............................................................................................. 23 1.1.2. Top Manufacturing Countries ...................................................................................................... 24 1.1.3. Top Manufacturers ...................................................................................................................... 32 1.2. Sales ..................................................................................................................................... 55 1.2.1. Worldwide Sales by Segment ....................................................................................................... 55 1.2.2. Top Countries ............................................................................................................................... 57 1.2.3. Top Manufacturers ............................................................................................................ 65 1.3. International Trade .............................................................................................................. 88 1.3.1. Regions ......................................................................................................................................... 88 1.3.2. Countries ...................................................................................................................................... 92 1.4. Vehicles in Use .................................................................................................................... 102 1.4.1. Motorization Rate ...................................................................................................................... 102 1.4.2. Top Manufacturing Countries .................................................................................................... 106 1.5. Research and Development Investment in the Automotive Sector .................................... 121 1.5.1. R&D Investment by Region in 2016 ............................................................................................ 122 1.5.2. R&D Investment by Brand .......................................................................................................... 126 1.5.3 Business Model Innovation ......................................................................................................... 127 1.6. Employment Trends in the Automotive Sector ................................................................... 130 1.6.1. European Union .......................................................................................................................... 130 1.6.2. United States .............................................................................................................................. 134 1.6.3. China ........................................................................................................................................... 136 1.6.4. Japan ........................................................................................................................................... 136 2 IESE Business School-University of Navarra Key Data on the Automotive Sector ST-488-E 2. Key Trends & Challenges .................................................................................................. 138 2.1.Political Factors ................................................................................................................... 138 2.1.1. United Kingdom (Brexit) .............................................................................................................. 138 2.1.2. United States ............................................................................................................................... 139 2.2. Economic Factors................................................................................................................ 142 2.2.1. Mergers and Acquisitions (M&A) and Venture Capital Investments .......................................... 142 2.3. Social Factors ...................................................................................................................... 151 2.3.1. Transportation as a Service (TaaS) .............................................................................................. 152 2.3.2. Platform Businesses: The Uber and DiDi Deal ............................................................................. 152 2.3.3. Apple ........................................................................................................................................... 153 2.3.4. Samsung ...................................................................................................................................... 154 2.4. Technological Factors ......................................................................................................... 155 2.4.1. Autonomous Driving ................................................................................................................... 155 2.4.2. Power-Train Technologies ........................................................................................................... 159 2.5. Environmental Factors ....................................................................................................... 163 2.5.1. CO2 Emissions in the Automotive Sector .................................................................................... 163 2.5.2. CO2 Emission Standards by Region ............................................................................................. 164 2.5.3. CO2 Emission Status by Region .................................................................................................... 166 2.5.4. CO2 Emission Status by Manufacturer in the European Union ................................................... 169 2.5.5. Key Vehicle Parameters .............................................................................................................. 169 2.5.6. NOx Emissions in the Automotive Sector .................................................................................... 172 2.6. Legal Factors ...................................................................................................................... 174 2.6.1. Regulatory Bodies in Europe ....................................................................................................... 174 2.6.2. Regulatory Bodies in the United States ...................................................................................... 175 2.6.3. Test Cycles ................................................................................................................................... 176 2.6.4. Laboratory Versus On-Road Tests of NOx ................................................................................... 176 3. Manufacturer Information ............................................................................................... 179 3.1. Global presence of Top 10 Manufacturers ......................................................................... 179 3.2. Fiat Chrysler Automobiles (FCA) ......................................................................................... 181 3.3. Ford Motor Company ......................................................................................................... 182 3.4. General Motors .................................................................................................................. 184 3.5. Honda ................................................................................................................................. 185 3.6. Hyundai Motor Company ................................................................................................... 186 3.7. Nissan ................................................................................................................................. 187 3.8. PSA ...................................................................................................................................... 188 3.9. Renault Group .................................................................................................................... 189 IESE Business School-University of Navarra 3 ST-488-E Key Data on the Automotive Sector 3.10. Toyota .............................................................................................................................. 190 3.11. Volkswagen ...................................................................................................................... 192 4. Key Associations, Organizations and Industry Events........................................................