Security, Race, Biopower Holly Randell-Moon • Ryan Tippet Editors Security, Race, Biopower Essays on Technology and Corporeality Editors Holly Randell-Moon Ryan Tippet Department of Media, Film and Department of Media, Film and Communication Communication University of Otago University of Otago Dunedin, New Zealand Dunedin, New Zealand ISBN 978-1-137-55407-9 ISBN 978-1-137-55408-6 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/978-1-137-55408-6 Library of Congress Control Number: 2016956421 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2017 The author(s) has/have asserted their right(s) to be identified as the author(s) of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Design and Patents Act 1988. This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and trans- mission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Cover illustration: © YAY Media AS / Alamy Stock Photo Printed on acid-free paper This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Macmillan Publishers Ltd. London Introduction Security, Race, Biopower This is a book about technologies. Security, Race, Biopower explores the global abundance of technologies in medicine, media, surveillance, and war that are used to target and extend the lives of people differently in different geographical locations. The contributors show how technolo- gies of population management—the ways in which bodies and lives are moulded to the benefit of governing authorities—are connected to his- torical and contemporary forms of racism that justify geographical and social inequalities. The book contends that the application and dissemi- nation of contemporary technologies is premised on an economisation of these resources in favour of those who “deserve” life, based on the space and race to which a body belongs. We argue that the theories of French philosopher Michel Foucault on biopower and security are criti- cal to understanding these technological determinations of deserving life. Biopower is broadly defined by Foucault as ‘a technology of power cen- tered on life’ (1991, p. 266), which is characteristic of the modern Western state. The term encapsulates a central concern of governing authorities: how can we foster the health and wellbeing of citizens so they can live and therefore work longer? Enacting strategies to address this question does not presume all bodies within a population are of equal “value”. Because v vi Introduction the state has a limited amount of resources to produce good health, bio- power works in a distributive manner: ‘to qualify, measure, appraise, and hierarchize’ (p. 266). Racism and race are bound up in these hierarchies of valuable life and the distributive application of technologies to bodies and space. Contributions to this book show, for instance, how racism explains why some bodies become the target for drone kills, while others are targeted as ideal consumers of drones as toys; why some bodies receive human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) preventative medicine and others do not; why some bodies can consume iPhones while the bodies of those who make them suffer toxic disease and distress. Such inequalities in the technological lives of the global population do not go uncontested— indeed they are the subject of significant political and social protest. This book argues that processes of racialisation, attaching race to bodies in particular spatial locations, services an economic and geopolitical situa- tion wherein citizens extend and improve their own lives at the expense of others, whose bodies are deemed disposable or surplus to population needs. Biopower’s concern with securing the health and wellbeing of the population through careful management and calculation of those bodies within it serves as an overriding theme for the various contributions and case studies offered in the book. Foucault conceives of biopower operat- ing on two levels—manipulating bodies as individuals with discipline and as species within biopolitics. There is a particular focus in the final section of the book, where the previous examinations of geography, technology, racisms, and life are bought together, on biopolitics: the state’s compre- hension and grasp of the population as a ‘biological problem’ (Foucault 2003, p. 245). Biopolitical strategies address a ‘global mass that is affected by overall processes characteristic of birth, death, production, illness, and so on’ (pp. 242–3). Biopolitics necessarily institutes divisions—or ‘caesu- rae’—within the population, drawing upon an evolutionist logic which valorises certain bodies and delegitimises others in order to protect the “purity” and health of the population overall. Along with biopower and its attendant topic biopolitics, this book offers two other critical concepts to explain the intersections of racism, geography, and technologies of security and health: geocorpographies and somatechnics. Introduction vii Developed by Joseph Pugliese to explain how the treatment of Iraqi and Afghan civilians in the “War on Terror” is influenced by the geographi- cal locations they inhabit (2007), geocorpographies combines geography with corporeality, space with bodies. Here geography is not a neutral backdrop to the ways bodies can move, occupy, or use the space they are in. Rather, bodies and bodily identity are always already constrained or enabled by their placement in space. Think of how one’s identity as a mother, a worker, or an object of sexual attention can change in different spaces and change the movement of the body through that space. More critically, and in the context of technologies of surveillance, one’s identity can change from frequent flyer, to security threat, to terrorist in a matter of (precisely, depending on the technology) calculated minutes that often hinge on the ethnic and national identity of that traveller. Since ethnicity and national identity, as well as other bodily identi- ties such as gender, ability, sexuality, or class, work in tandem with “hard” technologies to determine “good” from “bad” bodies, the book also approaches technology through the concept of somatechnics. Like geocorpographies, somatechnics highlights how the body is central to our experience of being in the world. The term conjoins soma (derived from the Greek and Latin word for “body”) and technology to draw attention to the ways bodies find expression through social techniques of manipulation. We might think of these techniques as encompassing social conventions around dress and behaviour for men and women, or for religious and non-­religious persons. Without these techniques, such bodies would not be identifiable as male or female, or as belonging to a particular religion. In this book, we show how these social techniques are complemented by hard technologies such as wearable health gadgets that measure fitness and wellbeing, geo-locative devices that determine how fast workers should complete their assigned tasks, and which bodies should be targeted for execution or exclusion from the social body as a whole. Viewed through the lens of somatechnics, the body is not a “natu- ral” entity that comes to be changed by society but is already inscribed by the social training and techniques of presentation learned in the particu- lar environment a body occupies. In order to understand the global inequalities bought about by tech- nologies of health and security, this book suggests that viii Introduction • Geocorpography: how space affects and effects the treatment of bodies • Somatechnics: how the body is manipulated and produced, and • Biopower: how to maximise the health and security of the population comprise a critical and politically informed framework through which to understand contemporary geopolitical debates and crises over new technologies as extensions of already existing divides between and within populations. Not all of the contributions engage with all three of these terms, but with their shared emphasis on the management of bodies and the role of racism in justifying and structuring these practices, an exami- nation of a specific case study through one term will necessarily draw attention to the others. The book is set out in three sections, marked by an extended engagement with the conceptual frameworks of Geocorpographies, Technologies, and Biopolitics. Throughout the sections, the themes delineated in the book’s title are interrogated in the dimensions of space, mobility, and bodies. The