Reflections on the State of Research and Technology in South Africa’s Marine and Maritime Sectors a EDITORS: Nikki Funke • Marius Claassen • Richard Meissner • Karen Nortje Reflections on the State of Research and Technology in South Africa’s Marine and Maritime Sectors EDITORS: Nikki Funke • Marius Claassen • Richard Meissner • Karen Nortje 2014 Funded by: The South African Maritime Safety Authority The Department of Science and Technology Published by: The Council for Scientific and Industrial Research Pretoria, South Africa www.csir.co.za Reflections on the State of Research and Technology in South Africa’s Marine and Maritime Sectors Editors Nikki Funke Senior Researcher Natural Resources and the Environment Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) Pretoria, South Africa Marius Claassen Principal Researcher Natural Resources and the Environment Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) and University of Pretoria Pretoria, South Africa Richard Meissner Senior Researcher Natural Resources and the Environment Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) and University of KwaZulu-Natal Pretoria, South Africa Karen Nortje Senior Researcher Natural Resources and the Environment Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) Pretoria, South Africa ISBN: 978-0-7988-5617-1 © CSIR 2014 Disclaimer: The views expressed by the authors are not necessarily those of the reviewers or the editors. i Reflections on the State of Research and Technology in South Africa’s Marine and Maritime Sectors Preface In his 2014 State of the Nation Address, President Jacob Zuma highlighted the triple challenge of poverty, inequality and unemployment. Addressing this challenge, in particular through the implementation of the National Development Plan, is a key priority for the South African government. Key economic drivers that are of significance for the marine and maritime sectors are tourism, the Green Economy, infrastructure development and manufacturing. Maximising the potential of these drivers can substantially increase the ability of the marine and maritime sectors to contribute to South Africa’s economy. South Africa has not fully exploited its marine and maritime economy, which justifies the emerging emphasis on the South African ocean economy. The South African government has an important role to play in promoting the development of this economy through establishing an enabling policy environment, and ensuring effective regulation and appropriate resource allocation. Research and development (R&D) in marine and maritime industries, as well as research and academic organisations, produce marine and maritime-related knowledge and technology. This focus on R&D gives impetus to the development of the country’s marine and maritime resources and has the potential to contribute to the growth of the ocean economy. South Africa’s oceans and coasts should be developed in a responsible manner to facilitate the sustainable utilisation of marine and maritime resources and secure the long-term growth of the ocean economy. Knowledge and technology play an important role in understanding the ocean, its resources and how to utilise these resources in a responsible manner to ensure their continued availability for generations to come. The South African Maritime Safety Authority (SAMSA) has a key role to play in supporting growth in the marine and maritime sectors through ensuring safety of life and property at sea, preventing and combatting pollution from ships, and promoting the Republic’s maritime interests. The Department of Science and Technology (DST) also has an important role to play in building and developing the ocean economy, for instance, through its Socio-economic Partnerships Programme, which enhances growth and development priorities through targeted science and technology interventions and the development of strategic partnerships with other government departments, industry, research institutions and communities. The DST is also involved in various marine science research initiatives that have the potential to link basic research to applied research, increase human capital, develop R&D and build closer links with industry. This book endeavours to contribute to these objectives by presenting diverse contributions to reflect on the state of R&D and technology in South Africa’s marine and maritime sectors. Its contribution lies in making the practical application of R&D and technology in the marine and maritime sectors explicit, and highlighting the ways in which this can be strengthened and improved. ii Reflections on the State of Research and Technology in South Africa’s Marine and Maritime Sectors Table of contents Part 1: Introduction .................................................................................9 Chapter 1: The Importance of a Book on Research and Technology for the Marine and Maritime Sectors ................................................................................................... 10 Nikki Funke, Marius Claassen, Richard Meissner and Karen Nortje Part 2: The Way Forward for the Maritime Sector: Regulatory and Strategic Views ...........................................................................17 Chapter 2: Marine and Maritime Law in South Africa .............................................................. 18 Patrick H.G. Vrancken and Andrew Pike Chapter 3: Fixing the High-water Mark .................................................................................... 43 Keith P. Mackie Chapter 4: Scenarios for the South African Maritime Sector .................................................... 53 Marius Claassen, Nikki Funke, Meena D. Lysko and Cebile Ntombela Part 3: Current Research and Technology Advances in the Marine Sciences.....................................................................................65 Chapter 5: Long-term Marine Research Platforms of the National Research Foundation ....... 66 Thomas Bornman, Lara Atkinson, Anthony Bernard, Paul Cowley, Shaun Deyzel, Wayne Goschen, Albrecht Götz, Juliet Hermes, Wim Hugo, Angus Paterson and Charles von der Meden Chapter 6: The Overlooked Foundation: Marine Microbes in the Oceans Surrounding South Africa ......................................................................................................... 100 Maya C. Pfaff, Flavia Flaviani, Gerda du Plessis, Edward P. Rybicki and Declan C. Schroeder Chapter 7: Hydro-acoustic Technology and its Application to Marine Science in South Africa ..................................................................................................... 122 Fannie W. Shabangu, Janet C. Coetzee, Ian Hampton, Sven E. Kerwath, Willem M. de Wet and Ainhoa Lezama-Ochoa Chapter 8: Passive Acoustic Monitoring of Marine Mammals in South Africa, with Special Reference to Antarctic Blue Whales ................................................................... 153 Fannie W. Shabangu and Ken Findlay Chapter 9: E-logbook Technology Development in South Africa .......................................... 174 Amos Barkai and Philippe Lallemand 1 Reflections on the State of Research and Technology in South Africa’s Marine and Maritime Sectors Part 4: Research in the Humanities for the Maritime Sector ................197 Chapter 10: A Critical Analysis of Research Paradigms in a Subset of Marine and Maritime Scholarly Thought ................................................................................................ 198 Richard Meissner Chapter 11: The State of Maritime and Underwater Cultural Heritage Research, Legislation and Technology in South Africa .................................................................................. 218 Johnathan Sharfman, Vanessa Maitland, Sophie Winton and Robert Parthesius Chapter 12: Southern African Maritime Archaeological Research and the Development of the African Institute for Marine and Underwater Research, Exploration and Education .......................................................................................................... 243 Bruno E.J.S. Werz Part 5: Infrastructure and Technology Developments for the Maritime Sector ........................................................................261 Chapter 13: Port Infrastructure: A Holistic Framework for Adaptation to Climate Change ....... 262 Kana Mutombo Chapter 14: Maritime Technology Support to the South African Navy..................................... 281 Carl K. Wainman, Jörg Schmid, Hannes van Wyk, Andrew Cothill, Willie Gunter, Philip la Grange and Geertien Venter Acknowledgements ..................................................................................305 Colour figures ...........................................................................................307 2 Reflections on the State of Research and Technology in South Africa’s Marine and Maritime Sectors List of acronyms A CLIVAR: Climate Variability and Predictability of the Ocean Atmosphere System AAR: Autonomous Acoustic Recorder CM: Current Meter ABACUS: Advanced Beam-former for the Acoustic CMP: Continuous Monitoring Platform Counting of Underwater Scatterers CO : Carbon Dioxide ACEP: African Coelacanth Ecosystem 2 Programme CPIES: Current- and Pressure-recording Inverted Echo Sounder ADCP: Acoustic Doppler Current Profiling CPUT: Cape Peninsula University of Technology AED: Aquaculture and Economic Development CPUE: Catch Per Unit Effort CSIR: Council for Scientific and Industrial AFMA: Australian Fisheries Management Research Authority CT: Conductivity/Temperature AIMS: Africa Integrated