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Please do not assume that a book's appearance in 'The Builder' library means it can be used in any manner anywhere in the world. Copyright infringement liability can be quite severe. The Webmaster I MAR 11 Ibaij ^ THE ^^^ # HISTORY OF THE POPES FROM THE CLOSE OF THE MIDDLE AGES DRAWN FROM THE SECRET ARCHIVES OF THE VATICAN AND OTHER ORIGINAL SOURCES FROM THE GERMAN OF THE LATE LUDWIG, FREIHERR VON PASTOR TRANSLATED BY E. F. PEELER VOLUME XL PIUS VI. (1775-1799) LONDON ROUTLEDGE and KEGAN PAUL. LTD. E.G. BROADWAY HOUSE : 68-74 CARTER LANE, 1953 PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN BY STEPHEN AUSTIN AND SONS, LTD., HERTFORD CONTENTS OF VOLUME XL. PIUS VI., 1775-1799 PAGES Hontheim's Recantation—The Erection of a Nuncia- ture in Munich ...... 1-42 The Congress of Ems and its Aftermath—Disturb- ances in the Austrian Netherlands—Death of Successors' the . Joseph II. —His Attitude towards Church ....... 43-86 The Church in France at the End of the Ancien Rdgime —The Outbreak of the Revolution—The Abolition of Ecclesiastical Privileges .... 87-114 The Ecclesiastical Legislation of the French National Assembly in 1789 and 1790—The Secularization of Church Property and the Suppression of the Religious Houses—^The Civil Constitution of the Clergy—The Attitudes adopted by Louis XVI., Pius VI., and the French Hierarchy . 1 15-162 The Fate of the non-juring Clergy in France—The Reign of Terror ...... 163-212 The Penetration of Revolutionary Ideas and Move- ments into the States of the Church . 213-260 The French Clergy in Exile—Disestablishment of the Church in France ...... 261-288 Bonaparte and the French in the Papal States—The Establishment of the Roman Republic and the Expulsion of the Pope ..... 289-347 The Renewal of the Persecution of the Clergy in France—Pius VI. 's Last Journey and his Death in Exile 348-397 Index of Names ....... 399-406 Contents of Mann's Lives of the Popes and Pastor's History of the Popes ..... 407-410 1 . TABLE OF CONTENTS OF VOLUME XL. Pius VL 1775-1799. CHAPTER I. HONTHEIM's recantation THE ERECTION OF A NUNCIATURE IN MUNICH. A.D. PAGE 1776 Bellisomi tries to turn the Elector of Trier against the Febronius, and, under the influence of the ex-Jesuit Beck, the Elector sends to Paris for opinions on the work ........ 2 1777 Pius VI. insists on Hontheim's formal recantation, but 3 Hontheim, undeterred, publishes his Febronius abbreviatus ....... 4 Bellisomi 's failure to have the book banned by the Bishops ........ 5 Isenbiehl's objectionable writings and ... 6 1778 Hontheim's partially favourable opinion on them, which loses him the Elector's favour. Hontheim submits to the Elector on this point . .8 The Elector demands his submission in respect of the Febronius as well ...... 9 Hontheim agrees and drafts his recantation, which is 10 Forwarded to Rome . .11 The recantation described . .14 The Pope's publication of it . .16 1779 Hontheim's pastoral letter, informing his diocese of his change of mind . .18 The printing of the letter prohibited in various States 20 The rumour that his recantation was insincere . 21 Denied by Hontheim, who twice issues a statement to this effect ....... 22 1780 His commentary on his recantation ... 24 1792 Based on Gallican principles, criticized by Gerdil . 26 1 78 Hontheim retires from public life . .27 1790 His death ........ 28 The ecclesiastical attitude of Karl Theodor of Bavaria 29 His desire for a Bavarian bishopric having been frustrated ........ 30 1784 He adopts the plan of setting up a nunciature in Munich. Antici's memorandum ; the Pope's assent 31 Opposition from Mainz, Salzburg .... 33 vii . Vlll TABLE OF CONTENTS A.D. PAGE Freising, Trier, Cologne. 1785 and Rebuffed by Rome . 34 The prelates appeal to the Emperor, who ... 36 In his rescript refuses to recognize the nunciature tribunals ........ 38 steps Mainz Subsequent by and Salzburg ; incomplete co-operation of the Suffragans. The Pope stands on his rights ........ 39 Bavaria insists on having a nunciature ... 40 1786 Zoglio arrives in Munich . ..... 41 Pacca in the archdiocese of Cologne .... 42 CHAPTER II. THE CONGRESS OF EMS AND ITS AFTERMATH DIS- TURBANCES IN THE AUSTRIAN NETHERLANDS DEATH OF JOSEPH II. HIS SUCCESSORS' ATTITUDE TOWARDS THE CHURCH. 1786 Representatives of the Rhenish Electors and Salzburg consult together at Ems on .... 44 The restoration of the ' original rights ' of the episco- pate, the reduction of Papal claims, and . -45 The reform of ecclesiastical life . .46 An unpleasant incident. Letters sent to the Emperor by the participatory Powers .... 47 The Ems Punctation ...... 48 Joseph II. advises the petitioners to come to an agreement first with their Suffragans. The reasons for his guardedness ...... 50 The complete agreement of the Suffragans found to be unattainable ....... 52 The attempt to put the punctation into practice resisted by the Pope and the nuncios. Pacca and the matrimonial dispensation granted to Prince Hohenlohe-Bartenstein • • • • • 53 The measure taken by the Munich nuncio ... 54 The Ems Punctation a topic of public discussion , 56 In return for the recognition of Dalberg as coadjutor for Mainz, the Electorate, supported by Prussia, makes overtures to Rome. Lucchesini's mission . 57 1787 The punctators make another protest, against a taxation Bull for . Bavaria, but . -58 Fail 1788 to win their case, even with the help of the Diet . 59 The outcome of the Congress of Ems and the nuncia- ture dispute ....... 60 1789 Pius VI. 's Responsio ...... 61 1781 Joseph IPs reforms in the Netherlands ... 65 TABLE OF CONTENTS IX A.D. PAGE 1786 The general discontent comes to a head, and the . seminarists revolt . • . 66 1789 The nuncio Zondadari, charged with incitement, is expelled ....•••• ^7 The Pope's dismay ...... 68 The Cardinal of Malines summoned to Vienna . 69 outbreak General indignation among the people ; of civil war ....••• 7<5 The Government's conciliatory measures come too takes to flight . 71 late ; Cardinal Frankenberg The rebels victorious, Joseph II. appeals for help to . the Pope, who addresses a . -72 Brief to the Belgian Bishops . • • 73 Belgium having already declared its independence, the Bishops have to decline the Pope's request . 74 1790 Death of Joseph II. The French invasion of the Netherlands brings the Austrian supremacy to an end. The election of Leopold 11. , after . 75 Fruitless talks between the Rhenish Archbishops and the Papal delegate, Caprara .... 76 The electoral capitulation and ecclesiastical questions 77 Under Leopold II. Josephism is maintained in its essentials, though the general seminaries are closed 81 1792 The election of Francis II. Maury, the Papal delegate for Frankfurt .....•• 82 effect Parleys with the Rhenish Archbishops without . 83 The electoral capitulation remains unaltered, no regard being paid to Maury's protest ... 84 The persistence of Josephism under Francis II. 85 CHAPTER III. THE CHURCH IN FRANCE AT THE END OF THE ANCIEN REGIME THE OUTBREAK OF THE REVOLUTION THE ABOLITION OF ECCLESIASTICAL PRIVILEGES. its The splendid exterior presented by the Church : prestige, wealth, and prosperity .... 87 for The dark side of the picture : bishoprics reserved • the nobility . • • .91 Some Bishops, nevertheless, worthy of their office . 92 Others neglect the duty of residence and ... 93 Become involved in worldly interests ... 94 the The religious Orders : wealth of the abbeys, com- mendatory system ...... 97 Lax discipline. The depopulation of the religious houses ........ 98 . X TABLE OF CONTENTS A.D. The good condition of the female Orders. The extreme poverty of the lower clergy, its 99 Consequent envy of the upper clergy, and its readiness to embrace the new ideas of reform . .100 Clerical members of Freemasonry . .102 No leading personalities among the clergy . .103 Even the clergy infected by anti-Christian literature 106 The body politic : the fundamental evil of State absolutism, misgovernment in the i8th century .