UCLA MAP LIBRARY REFERENCE ONLY THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES ^CLA MAP LIBRARY llo.: Pile.. Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2007 with funding from IVIicrosoft Corporation http://www.archive.org/details/fiftyyearsworkofOOmarkiala THE FIFTY YEARS' WORK OF THE KOYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY. THE FIFTY YEARS' WORK ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY. CLEMENTS R. MARKHAM, C.B., F.R.S., SECRETARY. IS 81. LONDON: JOHN MUERAY, ALBEMAELE STEEET. : LONDON TBINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED, STAMFORD STBEET AND CilABl^G CEOSS. • . Map Ubrary Q 7 ANALYTICAL TABLE OF CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. CHAPTER V. THE FATHERS OF ENGLISH GEOGUAPHY. FOUNDATION OF THE ROYAL GEO- PAGE GRAPHICAL SOCIETY. Plan of the Work 1 I'Ar.B How geographical work was Meeting of the Raleigh Club . 19 formerly done 2 Scheme for a Geographical Society 19 Richard Eden 3 Provisional Committee 20 Richard Hakhiy t 4 Notice of Sir John Barrow . • 20 Samiiel Purchas 5 „ Robert Brown . 20 Henry Hexham 6 „ Roderick I. Murehison 21 „ Sir John C. Hobhouse . 22 „ Mountstuart Elphinstone 22 CHAPTER II. Bartle Frere 23 THE ROYAL SOCIETY. The Founders of the Society .. 23 The Society constituted. Its rules 24 Geographical wotk of tlie Royal . 24 Society 7 List of the first Council . 25 Captain Cook, Phipps, Bruce .. 8 Mr. Barrow's opening Address Major Reiiiicll 8 The Members 25 Alexander Didrymple 9 List of Members on August 4th, 1830 2G Collections of voyages and travels 9 CHAPTER III. CHAPTER VI. THE AFRICAN ASSOCIATION. PRESIDENTS AND SECRETARIES OF THE ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY, Sir Joseph Banks 11 1830-50. Formation and objects (tf the Asso- ciation 11 (Opening work 32 Ledyard, Lucas, Houghton .. .. 12 Merging of the African and Pales- Muiigo Park, Horneman .. .. 13 tine Associations 32 Renewal of Arctic discovery . 13 Tlie Bombay Geographical So- 32 (and i/o/e) Sir John Barrow's labours .. .. 14 ciety Tiic first President and his Coun- cil 33 CHAPTER IV. Sir Francis Beaufort 33 31 THE RALEIGH CLUB. Captain Horsburgh Rennell's nephew 34 Sir Arthur De Capell Broke .. 15 Sir John Barrow 35 Objects of the Club 15 Notices of Members of the first The first Secretaries— Committee IG Captain Maconochie . 35 The first List of jMembers .. .. 17 Mr. Renouard 35 The dinners 17 Captain Wabhiugton .. .. 30 Results of the Raleigli Club .. 18 ,, ,, 39 /I O . .. ... VI Analytical Table of Contents. PAGE CHAPTER VIII. Mr. W. R. Hamilton 37 EXPEDITIONS PROMOTED BY THE KOYAL The first President's Address . 37 Mr. Greenough 38 GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY, AND GRANTS Colonel Jackson 39 OF THE ROYAL AWARDS, 1830-55. PAOB First Presidentship of Sir R. Mur- Mea.sures for promoting discovery 57 chisou 39 Royal Award 57 Lord Colchester 40 Ricliard Lander, John Biscoe .. 58 Mr. W. J. Hamilton 41 Sir John Ross, Sir A. Bunios, Secretaries, Mr. Long, Major S. Captain FitzUoy, Cht.'sney 58 Clerke 41,42 Col. Captain Alexander's Expedition 58 Schomburgk'.s Guiana Expedition 59 Ainsworth's Expedition .. .. 59 CHAPTER Vn. Australian Expeditions . 60 PRESIDENTS AND SECRETARIES OF THE Back's voyage in the Terror .. 60 ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY, 1851 The Society's Medals 61 TO 1881. Rawlinson, Wood, Symonds, Lay- ard. Von Hugel 61 Admiral W. H. Smyth, c.B 43 H. Strachey, Wallin, Riippell, Dr. Norton Sliaw 44 Beke, Galton, Auderssen, Kyre 62 Sir . Roderick Murchison 45 Strzelecki, Sturt, Leichhardt .. 63 Sir Roderick's Council, 1851 . 46 Rajah Brooke 63 The Hakluyt Society 46 Deuse and Simp.^on 64 Geographical Section of the British Dr. John Rae 64 Association 46 Ross's Antarctic Voyage . 65 Sir Roderick's Anniversary Ad- Franklin's Arctic Expedition .. 66 dresses 47 Lieutenant H. Raper (17 Presidential Hospitality . 47 Robinson, Carl Rittcr 67 The Earl of Ellesmere 47 Effect of the Royal Awards . 67 Captain Blackwood, Sir W. Tre- velyan 48 The Government Grant for the Map Room 48 CHAPTER IX. Admiral Beechey 49 EXPEDITIONS PROMOTED BY THE ItOYAL Mr. Francis Galton 50 GEOGIIAPHICAL SOCIETY AND GliANTS The Geographical Club .. .. 50 OP THE ROYAL AWARI'S, 1855-1880. Charter of Incorporation .. 51 Sir Roderick's final Presidency . 51 Sir Andrew Waugh and Mnjor 69 „ Council in 1862 .. 51 Montgoraerio Honorary Secretaries 52 Indian Native Explorers . 70 Sir Roderick's character and death Hayward and Sliaw 70 52, 53 Captain Trotter 70 Jolm Crawfurd 53 Exi)lorers in China 71 Sir Roderick's Anniversary Ad- Lieut. F. Garnier 71 dresses 54 Boutakolf and I'rejcval.-iky .. .. 71 Sir Henry Rawlinson 54 Vambery, Palgrave 72 Sir Btirtlc Frere 55 Livingstone 72 Sir Rutherford Aleock 55 Barth 73 Lord Duflerin, Lord Northhrook 56 Burton 74 Lord Aberdare 56 Speke 75 Baker 75 Du Chaillu, Gerhaid Uoliils .. 76 Livingstone's last cxi)edition . 76 : . ..... Analytical Table of Contents. Vll CHAPTER X. Livingstoue's death 77 PUBLICATIONS OF THE SOCIETY LIBRARY Search expeditions for Livingstone 77 — MEA- Cameron 78 AND MAP ROOM—EDUCATIONAL Schweinfurth 78 SURES. PAGE Stanley 79 ' The Society's Journal ' . 97 Walker, 79 Erskine, Mauch, Baines ' The Proceedings ' (Old Series) . 98 Munzinger, Wiuwood Reade . 80 The 'Geographical Magazine' .. 98 African Exploration Fund . 80 The 'Proceedings' (New Series).. 99 Keith Johnston 81 Presidential Addresses, Hydro- Joseph Thomson 82 grapher's Reports 99 Serpa Pinto 82 Separate Volumes 99 Explorers in Australia 83 The Library 100 O'Hara Burke, Macdouall Stuart 83 Progress of the Library, Donations 101 Gregory, Warburton, Forrest, Giles 84 Librarians 102 Explorers in America 84 Library Committee 102 Chandless and Musters . 85 Admiral Sherard Osborn's gift .. 102 South American travellers . 85 Aid from Government Offices . 103 Searches for Sir John Franklin . 8G Assistance from individuals . 104 Captain Austin's Expedition . 86 Usefulness of the Library . 104 Naval Arctic sledge travelling . 87 The Map Room 105 Sir Eobert M'Clure 87 The Government Grant . lOG Sir Richard Collinson 87 Instruments 106 Shorard Osborn's Arctic works . 88 'Hints to Travellers' 106 Lady Franklin 88 Scientific lectures 107 Sir Leopold M'Clintock . 89 Instruction to travellers . 108 Allen Young 89 Observatory on the roof . 108 Kane 90 School Prizes 109 Hayes, Nordenskiold, Payer . 90 Recapitulation 110 Sherard Osborn's revival of Arctic research 90 Death of Slierard Osborn . 92 CHAPTER XI. Arctic Expedition of 1875 and its results 92 PROGRESS OF THE SOCIETY. Sir George Nares, Captain Mark- House ham 92 Finance—Members—Meetings— Accommodation. Sir George Back 93 Nordenskiold 93 A hopeful commencement .. .. Ill Dutch expeditions, Markham, 3, Waterloo Place 112 Leigh Smith 93 Difficulties 112 Sir Roderick Murchison and the Returning prosperity Ill Medal 94 Attention to finances Ill Cartographers Council divided into Committees 112 Arrowsmith 94 15, Whitehall Place 112 Pctermann and Keith Johnston 95 Burlington House 112 Election of Fellows 112 Lady Medallists 95 Increasing prosperity 113 Colonel Yule 95 1, Savile Row 113 Mr. E. H. Buubury 9G Hall of the University of London 113 9G The Roll of Medallists Finances 114 Work of the Council 114 vni Analytical Table of Contents. CHAPTER XII. PAGE Work to be done in Africa .. .. 117 COMPARATIVE VIEW OF GEOGRAPHICAL „ „ Asia .. .. 118 KNOWLEDGE IN 1830 AND 1880, WITH „ „ South America 120 A NOTICE OF THE WORK THAT STILL New Guinea .. 121 REMAINS TO BE DONE. Hydrography 122 PAGE of .. 123 The Arctic Regions 115 Physical Geography the Sea Conclusion 124 Work remaining to be done in the far North 116 Work in the Antarctic Regions .. 116 Appendix 127 THE FIFTY YEARS' WORK OF THE ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY. BY CLEMENTS R MARKHAM, C.B., F.R.S., SECKETARY. CHAPTER I. THE FATHERS OP ENGLISH GEOGRAPHY. The Royal Geographical Society completed the fiftieth year of its existence on the 16th of Jnly, 1880, and its fiftieth anniver- sary meeting took place on the 31st of JMay, 1880. In order to celebrate this anspicious event, and also to supply a useful means of reference to Fellows, I have been commissioned by the Council to write the present brief history of the Society. My plan is to give, in four introductory chapters, a con- densed view of the ways and means by which the work undertaken by tlie Society was performed previous to tlie date of its formation, and of the circumstances which immediately led to its being brought into existence. The fifth chapter contains a history of the original formation of the Geographical Society. The sixth and seventh chapters are devoted to memorial accounts of the Presidents, Secretaries, and other leading members of the governing body. I^he eightli and ninth review the career of the Ceographical Society with reference to the expeditions which it has helped, or actively promoted, including grants-in-aid, and awards in recognition of the services of eminent geographers aud travellers. The history of the various publications of the Society, of the rise and progress of the library and map-room, and of the educational measures adopted by the Council, forms the subject of the tenth chapter ; and the eleventh reviews the progress of the Society as regards members, finances, places of meeting, and B 2 Tlie Fathers of English Geography. house accommodation. A comparative view of geo^^raphical knowledge when the Society was founded in 1830, and in 1880, with a notice of the work that still remains to be done, illustrates its career of laborious usefulness, and forms a fitting conclusion of the work. The original objects of the Society were to collect, digest, and publish interesting and useful geographical facts and dis- coveries ; to accumulate a collection of books on geography, voyages, and travels, and of maps and charts ; to keep specimens of such instruments as are most serviceable to a traveller ; to afibrd assistance, instruction, and advice to explorers ; and to correspond with other bodies or individuals engaged in geo- graphical pursuits.