Faculty of Education Ingvild Vestfall Master’s thesis Laryngeal physiology and terminology in CCM singing A thesis investigating research on the underlying laryngeal physiology of CCM singing techniques, and experiences of teaching CCM genres to adolescents Stemmefysiologi og terminologi i CCM/rytmisk sang En studie av forskning på stemmefysiologi knyttet til sangteknikker i CCM/rytmiske sjangere, og erfaringer med å undervise ungdommer i CCM/rytmisk sang Master in Culture and Language 2018 Consent to lending by University College Library YES ☒ NO ☐ Consent to accessibility in digital archive Brage YES ☒ NO ☐ ii TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS.................................................................................................................. III LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................................... V LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................................ VI ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................. VII SAMMENDRAG (IN NORWEGIAN) .............................................................................................. VIII PREFACE ..................................................................................................................................... IX 1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................... 1 1.1. RESEARCH QUESTIONS ................................................................................................................................... 2 1.2. STRUCTURE OF THE THESIS ............................................................................................................................ 3 1.3. DEFINITIONS AND CONCEPTUALIZATIONS ...................................................................................................... 3 1.4. PREVIOUS RESEARCH ON CCM SINGING IN NORWAY .................................................................................... 4 2 METHODS ................................................................................................................................. 6 2.1. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH AND CHOICE OF METHOD ....................................................................................... 6 2.2. HERMENEUTICS ............................................................................................................................................. 8 2.3. THE DOCUMENT ANALYSIS ............................................................................................................................ 9 2.3.1. A critical look at the analysis and validity .......................................................................................... 10 2.3.2. Finding relevant material: About the selection of documents ............................................................ 11 2.3.3. Categorization of documents .............................................................................................................. 13 2.3.4. Analysis of the documents ................................................................................................................... 14 2.4. THE INTERVIEWS.......................................................................................................................................... 15 2.4.1. Sampling of interviewees .................................................................................................................... 16 2.4.2. Interview planning and procedures .................................................................................................... 17 2.4.3. Transcriptions ..................................................................................................................................... 18 2.4.4. Translations ........................................................................................................................................ 19 2.4.5. Categorization, coding, and analysis of the interviews ...................................................................... 19 2.5. ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS .......................................................................................................................... 20 2.6. TRIANGULATION OF DOCUMENT ANALYSIS AND INTERVIEWS ..................................................................... 21 3 DOCUMENT ANALYSIS: TERMINOLOGY AND UNDERLYING LARYNGEAL PHYSIOLOGY OF CCM VOICE PRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 22 3.1. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY ...................................................................................................................... 22 3.2. THE LARYNX ............................................................................................................................................... 23 3.2.1. Cartilages and membranes ................................................................................................................. 23 3.2.2. Vestibular and vocal folds................................................................................................................... 26 3.2.3. Bones ................................................................................................................................................... 32 3.2.4. Laryngeal muscles............................................................................................................................... 33 3.3. PHONATION.................................................................................................................................................. 40 3.3.1. One vibratory cycle ............................................................................................................................. 41 3.3.2. Onsets .................................................................................................................................................. 42 3.4. REGISTERS ................................................................................................................................................... 44 3.4.1. M0 ....................................................................................................................................................... 46 3.4.2. M1 ....................................................................................................................................................... 47 3.4.3. M2 ....................................................................................................................................................... 48 3.4.4. M3 ....................................................................................................................................................... 48 3.4.5. Bi-stable vocal fold adduction ............................................................................................................ 50 3.4.6. ‘In between’ two registers ................................................................................................................... 53 3.4.7. Transitions .......................................................................................................................................... 53 iii 3.4.8. Two studies looking at transitions ...................................................................................................... 54 3.4.9. Singers and registers ........................................................................................................................... 56 3.4.10. Thyroarytenoid-dominant (TAD) and Cricothyroid-dominant (CTD).............................................. 58 3.4.11. TA contraction................................................................................................................................... 61 3.4.12. Intercartilaginous adduction and membranous medialization ......................................................... 62 3.4.13. Musical Theater ................................................................................................................................ 64 3.4.14. Mix .................................................................................................................................................... 65 3.4.15. Belting and Legit ............................................................................................................................... 66 3.4.16. Healthy voices and configurations of belting ................................................................................... 67 3.4.17. Some thoughts on more extreme vocals ............................................................................................ 70 3.4.18. Other limiting features ...................................................................................................................... 71 4 INTERVIEW FINDINGS: SINGING TEACHERS’ EXPERIENCES OF TEACHING CCM GENRES TO ADOLESCENTS ........................................................................................................................... 72 4.1. SINGING TEACHERS: TERMS, TECHNIQUE, AND TEACHING YOUNGSTERS ..................................................... 72 4.2. TERMINOLOGY ............................................................................................................................................