TAXON: Myoporum laetum G. SCORE: 12.0 RATING: High Risk Forst. Taxon: Myoporum laetum G. Forst. Family: Myoporaceae Common Name(s): mousehole tree Synonym(s): Myoporum crystallinum hort. ex Kunze New Zealand manatoka Myoporum tenuifolium auct. ngaio Assessor: Chuck Chimera Status: Assessor Approved End Date: 27 Mar 2020 WRA Score: 12.0 Designation: H(HPWRA) Rating: High Risk Keywords: Invasive Tree, Environmental Weed, Toxic, Dense Stands, Bird-Dispersed Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? 103 Does the species have weedy races? Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) Intermediate tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 n Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y=1, n=0 n subtropical climates Does the species have a history of repeated introductions 205 y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 y outside its natural range? 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2), n= question 205 y 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 304 Environmental weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) y 305 Congeneric weed 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs y=1, n=0 n 402 Allelopathic 403 Parasitic y=1, n=0 n 404 Unpalatable to grazing animals y=1, n=-1 y 405 Toxic to animals y=1, n=0 y 406 Host for recognized pests and pathogens y=1, n=0 y 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans y=1, n=0 y 408 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems y=1, n=0 y 409 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle y=1, n=0 n Creation Date: 27 Mar 2020 (Myoporum laetum G. Page 1 of 17 Forst.) TAXON: Myoporum laetum G. SCORE: 12.0 RATING: High Risk Forst. Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone 410 y=1, n=0 y conditions if not a volcanic island) 411 Climbing or smothering growth habit y=1, n=0 n 412 Forms dense thickets y=1, n=0 y 501 Aquatic y=5, n=0 n 502 Grass y=1, n=0 n 503 Nitrogen fixing woody plant y=1, n=0 n Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs 504 y=1, n=0 n -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native 601 y=1, n=0 n habitat 602 Produces viable seed y=1, n=-1 y 603 Hybridizes naturally y=1, n=-1 y 604 Self-compatible or apomictic 605 Requires specialist pollinators y=-1, n=0 n 606 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation y=1, n=-1 n 607 Minimum generative time (years) Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants 701 y=1, n=-1 y growing in heavily trafficked areas) 702 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y=1, n=-1 y 703 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant y=1, n=-1 n 704 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal y=1, n=-1 n 705 Propagules water dispersed y=1, n=-1 y 706 Propagules bird dispersed y=1, n=-1 y 707 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) y=1, n=-1 n 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut y=1, n=-1 y 801 Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) y=1, n=-1 n Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 802 y=1, n=-1 y yr) 803 Well controlled by herbicides y=-1, n=1 y 804 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire y=1, n=-1 y Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced 805 y=-1, n=1 y biocontrol agents) Creation Date: 27 Mar 2020 (Myoporum laetum G. Page 2 of 17 Forst.) TAXON: Myoporum laetum G. SCORE: 12.0 RATING: High Risk Forst. Supporting Data: Qsn # Question Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? n Source(s) Notes [No evidence] "M. laetum has been widely utilised in many parts of Chinnock, R. J. (2007). Eremophila and Allied Genera: A the world including Portugal, South Africa, Namibia and California as Monograph of the Plant Family Myoporaceae. Rosenberg a windbreak or a road tree, especially because of it wind-resistant Publishing, Kenthurst NSW and salt-tolerant characteristics. Ln Southern California it has become adventive and is now treated as a noxious woody weed." 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? Source(s) Notes WRA Specialist. (2020). Personal Communication NA 103 Does the species have weedy races? Source(s) Notes WRA Specialist. (2020). Personal Communication NA Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet Intermediate tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" Source(s) Notes Allan, H.H. 1982. Flora of New Zealand, Volume I: Indigenous Tracheophyta - Psilopsida, Lycopsida, "DIST.: K, Three Kings, N., S., Ch. Coastal to lowland forest, especially Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledons. First electronic marginal, to lat. 46°, but rare in southern part of range." edition. Landcare Research, Lincoln, New Zealand 202 Quality of climate match data High Source(s) Notes Allan, H.H. 1982. Flora of New Zealand, Volume I: Indigenous Tracheophyta - Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledons. First electronic edition. Landcare Research, Lincoln, New Zealand 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) n Source(s) Notes Dave's Garden. (2020). Myoporum Species, Mousehole Tree, Ngaio Tree - Myoporum laetum. "Hardiness: USDA Zone 11: above 4.5 °C (40 °F)" https://davesgarden.com. [Accessed 26 Mar 2020] SelecTree. (2020). "Myoporum laetum Tree Record." 1995 -2020. https://selectree.calpoly.edu/tree- "USDA Hardiness Zones 9 - 10" detail/myoporum-laetum. [Accessed 26 Mar 2020] Creation Date: 27 Mar 2020 (Myoporum laetum G. Page 3 of 17 Forst.) TAXON: Myoporum laetum G. SCORE: 12.0 RATING: High Risk Forst. Qsn # Question Answer Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 n subtropical climates Source(s) Notes USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Plant "Native Germplasm System. (2020). Germplasm Resources Australasia Information Network (GRIN-Taxonomy). National NEW ZEALAND: New Zealand [Chatham Islands Territory, North Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Island, South Island]" https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/. [Accessed 26 Mar 2020] Randall, R.P. (2017). A Global Compendium of Weeds. 3rd "Preferred Climate/s: Mediterranean" Edition. Perth, Western Australia. R.P. Randall Does the species have a history of repeated 205 y introductions outside its natural range? Source(s) Notes "M. laetum has been widely utilised in many parts of the world Chinnock, R. J. (2007). Eremophila and Allied Genera: A including Portugal, South Africa, Namibia and California as a Monograph of the Plant Family Myoporaceae. Rosenberg windbreak or a road tree, especially because of its wind resistant Publishing, Kenthurst NSW and salt-tolerant characteristics." 301 Naturalized beyond native range y Source(s) Notes "Myoporum flourishes in coastal areas in the San Francisco Bay region and in Los Angeles, Marin, and Orange counties, and may be found along the coast from Sonoma County to San Diego County. It California Invasive Pest Council. (2020). IPCW Plant Report has naturalized in Hawaii.(Correction, April 2008: It is not known to - Myoporum laetum. https://www.cal- be cultivated or naturalized in Hawaii.) It is most common in urban, ipc.org/resources/library/publications/ipcw/report63/. disturbed areas, below 900 feet (300 m) elevation, where it forms [Accessed 26 Mar 2020] dense monocultures if not controlled. It grows well in heavy, alkaline, brackish, and sandy soils. Its invasive tendencies have not been observed in interior regions." Almeida, J.D.& Freitas, H. 2006. Exotic naturalized flora of "Myoporum laetum ͙Year of first reported naturalization of exotic continental Portugal ʹA reassessment. Botanica species = 1968" Complutensis 30: 117-130 "We present a comprehensive inventory of naturalized non-native flora of the Baja California peninsula. As a starting point, we used the list of species referred to Baja California peninsula by Espinosa- Garcillán, P. P., & Rebman, J. P. (2013). Naturalized non- García et al. (2000) in his database Malezas Introducidas en México, native plants of Baja California peninsula, Mexico. and then exhaustively reviewed the scientific bibliography for Botanical Sciences, 91(4), 461-475 floristic flora and vegetation publications on various parts and the entire peninsula." [Includes Myoporum laetum, reported as a new naturalization record in this publication] Creation Date: 27 Mar 2020 (Myoporum laetum G. Page 4 of 17 Forst.) TAXON: Myoporum laetum G. SCORE: 12.0 RATING: High Risk Forst. Qsn # Question Answer [California] "Myoporum laetum G. Forst. NATURALIZED Habit: Plant 3 --10 m, much-branched, broadly spreading; twig tips, young leaves +- bronze green, sticky. Leaf: < 10 cm, generally lanceolate, finely serrate distally, bright green, +- fleshy. Inflorescence: flowers 2--4 per axil. Flower: corolla +- 10 mm diam, +- bell-shaped, white, purple- spotted, tube 3.5--4.5 mm, lobes 4--5.5 mm, glabrous abaxially, long- Jepson Flora Project (eds.). (2020). Jepson eFlora, hairy adaxially. Fruit: 5--10 mm, ovoid, fleshy, pale to dark red- https://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/eflora/ . [Accessed 26 Mar purple. Seed: 1 per chamber, 3--3.5 mm, oblong. Ecology: Open 2020] areas in grassland, scrub, riparian habitats, generally coastal; Elevation: < 460 m. Bioregional Distribution: CCo, SCo, ChI, reported from NCo (Sonoma Co.); Distribution Outside California: native to New Zealand. Toxicity: TOXIC: leaves, fruits may be fatal to livestock.