Household ritual, gender, and figurines in the Hohokam regional system Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Stinson, Susan L. Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 07/10/2021 03:12:05 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/280754 HOUSEHOLD RITUAL, GENDER, AND FIGURINES IN THE HOHOKAM REGIONAL SYSTEM by Susan Lynne Stinson A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2004 UMI Number: 3158160 INFORMATION TO USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed-through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMI UMI Microform 3158160 Copyright 2005 by ProQuest Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 The University of Arizona "o Graduate College As members of the Final Examination Committee, we certify that we have read the disseitation prepaied by Susan T.ynnp Stinsnn entitled Household Ritual, Gender, And Figurines in the Hohokam Regional System and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy dbte ' ?auL R. FishI date // Dean date date date Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate's submission of the final copies of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement. i ~0€&- date 3 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his or her judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. SIGNED 4 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This dissertation benefited immensely from the endless guidance and wisdom of my advisor, Barbara J. Mills, and committee members Jeffrey S. Dean, Paul R. Fish, and Suzanne K. Fish. I also received valuable support, advice, and guidance from Carol Kramer, Sandra Stinson, John Stinson, Kate Sarther, Natalie Munro, Sarah Herr, and Scott Van Keuren. This work would not have been possible without their help and encouragement. Funding for this research was received from the National Science Foundation (SBR-0203218) and the Department of Anthropology at the University of Arizona. Of course, the content and ideas expressed in this essay are the sole responsibility of the author. 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES 8 LIST OF TABLES 10 ABSTRACT 11 1. THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF DOMESTIC RITUAL 13 Ritual in the Greater Southwest 16 Domestic vs. Communal Ritual 18 Approaches to the Study of the Household 21 The Economy of Production and Consumption 21 Social and Ritual Organization of the Household 22 Gender Roles within the Household 26 Chapter Summary 29 2. THE INTERSECTION OF AGENCY, FIGURINES, AND GENDER 32 The Basics of Agency Theory 32 Agency Theory in Concert with Practice Theory 35 Ritual Action and Artifacts 39 Identity, Gender, and Personhood 43 Current Theory and Ceramic Figurines 46 Figurines in the Domestic Sphere 49 Summary 52 3. THE HISTORICAL AND SOCIAL CONTEXT OF HOHOKAM FIGURINES 54 The Research Collections 56 Snaketown 56 The Grewe Site 61 Hohokam Households, Site Structure, and Ritual 66 Pre-Classic Household and Community Ritual 69 The Pre-Classic to Classic Transition in the Hohokam Region 74 Figurines in the Greater Southwest 75 Prior Studies of Hohokam Figurines 84 4. A MODEL OF FIGURINE FUNCTION 89 Figurine Attributes and a Model of Figurine Function 90 Alternate Hypotheses for Figurine Use 95 Hypothesis 1: Figurines and Ancestor Veneration 96 Hypothesis 2: Healing, Curing, and Figurines 100 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS - Continued Hypothesis 3: Figurines as Children's Toys 102 Summary 103 5. FIGURINE CONSTRUCTION, USE, AND DISPOSAL AT SNAKETOWN AND GREWE 104 Raw Materials, Construction Methods, and Figurine Form 106 The Form and Construction of Hohokam Figurines 109 Sex Characteristics: Female, Male, and Androgynous 113 Burned and Broken 116 Figurine Disposal Contexts 119 Chronology and Figurine Disposal Context 126 Summary of Figurine Data Patterns 130 6. DERMATOGLYPHICS AND SEX 132 Sex and Gender in Archaeology 133 Gender Research in Archaeology 134 Sociopolitical Organization and Gender 135 Economy and Gender 136 Gender and Hohokam Archaeology 141 Dermatoglyphics 142 Anatomy of Human Skin 144 Ridge Counting 146 Previous Work on the Ridge Counting Technique 150 Archaeological Corrugated Ceramics from the American Southwest 150 Philippines Ethnographic Study 153 Comparative Ethnographic Sample of Fingerprints 154 Summary of Dermatoglyphic and Preliminary Ridge Count Studies 158 7. SEXING FIGURINE PRODUCERS IN HOHOKAM HOUSEHOLDS 160 Clay Shrinkage Experiment 161 Fingerprint Ridge Counting Methods 168 Analysis of Dermatoglyphic Data 172 Age vs. Sex 175 Context of Figurines Associated with Male Producers 180 Summary of Archaeological and Ethnographic Fingerprint Data 182 The Value of Future Dermatoglyphic Analyses in Archaeology 183 8. GENDERED AGENTS IN DOMESTIC HOHOKAM RITUAL 185 The Function of Figurines in the Hohokam Regional System 186 Ancestors, Figurines, and Women in the Hohokam Household 188 Ancestor Worship and the Socioeconomic Climate of the Hohokam 191 7 TABLE OF CONTENTS - Continued The Social and Environmental Conditions of the Pre-classic period Hohokam 192 Ancestor Ritual and Ties to the Land 195 Rights to Land and Other Important Resources 196 The Materiality of Memory and Commemoration 200 Ancestor Ritual and Figurines from an Ethnographic Perspective 204 Women and Ancestors 207 Summary 210 APPENDIX A, FIGURINE ATTRIBUTE DATA 213 APPENDIX B, DERMATOGLYPHIC DATA FROM ETHNOGRAPHIC SAMPLE 283 APPENDIX C, DERMATOGLYPHIC DATA FROM ARCHAEOLOGICAL SAMPLE 294 REFERENCES 299 8 LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 1.1, Figurines from Snaketown 14 FIGURE 1.2, Map of sites within the Hohokam regional system 15 FIGURE 3.1, Map of large Snaketown features 57 FIGURE 3.2, Grewe site location in relation to the Casa Grande ruin ....; 62 FIGURE 3.3, Archaeological features in the NE locus at the Grewe site 63 FIGURE 3.4, Number of figurines from each excavation episode 65 FIGURE 3.5 Courtyard group 67 FIGURE 3.6, Ballcourt I at Snaketown 70 FIGURE 3.7, Refiise mound at Snaketown 71 FIGURE 3.8, Hohokam stone palettes 73 FIGURE 3.9, Stone censors from Snaketown cache 1; lOG 74 FIGURE 3.10, Composite drawing of early agricultural figurine from the Tucson Basin 78 FIGURE 3.11, Pecos Pueblo figurine 79 FIGURE 3.12, Figurine from Pillings Cave 80 FIGURE 3.13, Female figurines from cache 2:9F at Snaketown 82 FIGURE 3.14, Solid animal figurines from cache 2:9F at Snaketown 83 FIGURE 4.1, A tavu in the Ditilebit house of Awear, Fordata, c. 1920 98 FIGURE 5.1, Drawing of a Hohokam figurine 105 FIGURE 5.2, Figurine with one-piece construction 110 FIGURE 5.3, Figurine with one-piece construction 110 FIGURE 5.4, Example of two-piece construction method Ill FIGURE 5.5, Appliqued coffee bean eyes 112 FIGURE 5.6, Examples of headbands and ear plugs 112 FIGURE 5.7, Possible pregnant female 115 FIGURE 5.8, Portion of Snaketown map 121 FIGURE 5.9, Portion of Snaketown map 122 FIGURE 5.10, Features containing figurines at the Grewe site 124 FIGURE 5.11, Number of figurines by disposal context and time period at Snaketown the Grewe site 129 FIGURE 6.1, Cross section of a friction ridge 145 FIGURE 6.2, Ridge count index technique 147 FIGURE 6.3, Female prints from the ethnographic collection 156 FIGURE 6.4, Male prints from the ethnographic collection 156 FIGURE 6.5, Male and female mean RCI values for the ethnographic fingerprint assemblage 157 FIGURE 7.1, RCI values for female1 fingerprints in clay sample GB-183 166 FIGURE 7.2, Comparison of RCI values for fingerprints in ink and fired clays 167 FIGURE 7.3, Ceramic sherd with fingerprints 169 FIGURE 7.4, Example of figurine head and features that typically exhibit fingerprints 170 9 LIST OF FIGURES - Continued FIGURE 7.5, Distribution of ridge count values for archaeological samples 173 FIGURE 7.6, Distribution