FORT BRAGG 3: AN ARCHAEOWGICAL SURVEY OF THE 29.57 HA CAMP MACKALL SPECIAL FORCES TRAINING AREA AND 776.55 HA, RICHMOND, CUMBERLAND, AND HARNETT COUNTIES, NORTH CAROLINA CHICORA FOUNDATION RESEARCH SERIES 193 © 2001 by Chicora Foundation, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, transmitted, or transcribed in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherWise without prior permission of Chicora Foundation, Inc. except for brief quotations used in reviews. Full credit must be given to the authors, publisher, and project sponsor. FORT BRAGG 3: .. AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE 29.57 HA CAMP MACKALL SPECIAL FORCES TRAINING AREA AND 776.55 HA, RICHMOND, CUMBERLAND, AND HARNETT COUNTIES, NORTH CAROLINA Prepared For: National Park Service Southeast Region 75 Spring Street, S.W. Atlanta, Georgia 30303 With funds provided by the Department of the Army Under: Contract Number 1443CX500095043 Purchase Order Number 1443PX502096064 Prepared By: Michael Trinkley William B. Barr and Debi Hacker Chicora Research Contribution 193 Chicora Foundation, Inc. P.O. Box 8664 • 861 Arbutus Drive Columbia, South Carolina 29202-8864 Email: [email protected] September 12, 1996 This report is printed on permanent paper o:i. ABSTRACT This study represents an intensive c an examination of changing archaeological survey of 11 areas under the prehistoric and historic land use; oversight of Fort Bragg, North Carolina totaling 806.12 ha. One is designated as the Camp Mackall c the effects of clear-cutting and Special Forces training area. This tract, located in long-term exposure on Richmond County, North Carolina, contains archaeological sites; approximately 29.57 ha. The survey tracts within the boundaries of the Fort Bragg Military c the effectiveness of 30 m Reservation were given alphabetical designations interval transects at locating between "A" and "J" and are situated in significant resources; Cumberland County, North Carolina. Survey tract "A" contains 1.62 ha, survey tract "B" contains c changing lithic material 11. 75 ha, survey tract "C" contains 18.63 ha, survey preferences; and tract "D 11 contains 41.72 ha, survey tract "E" contains 14.58 ha, survey tract "F" contains 10.53, c site function/duration based on and survey tract "G" contains 30.38 ha. Survey artifact content. tracts ''H", "I", and "J" are located in Hamett County, North Carolina. Survey tract "H" contains These investigations incorporated a review 314.20 ha, survey tract "I" contains 119.53 ha, and of the site files at the North Carolina Office of ·survey tract "J" contains 213.62 ha. State Archaeology. Although a number of surveys have been conducted in adjoining areas only one This work is being done in order to fulfill site, in tract "C", was previously recorded. No compliance with the National Historic Preservation previously recorded sites were found to exist Act (Public Law 89-665, as amended by Public Law within any of the other survey tracts. 96-515), Guidelines for Federal Agency Responsibilities, under Section 110 of the National Only one site was identified within the Preservation Act, Army Regulation AR 420-40, Camp Mackall survey tract. Within survey tract and 36CFR800 (Protection of Historic and "C" one site was re-identified and one site, known Cultural Properties). The project is administered to exist but not recorded, was identified. In survey for the United States Army by the National Park tract "F' one site, an isolated occurrence, was Service (NPS), Southeast Regional Office. The identified. Six sites and five isolated occurrences scope of work specified that certain tracts within were identified in survey tract "H", one site and the project area be surveyed as low probability five isolated occurreuces were identified.in survey using transects and shovel tests spaced at 60 m tract "I", and one site a"nd four isolated occurrences intetvals, whereas other tracts were to be surveyed were identified in survey tract "J". Of the 26 as high probability using transects and shovel tests archaeological sites identified, only one, a historic spaced at 30 m intervals . graveyard, is recommended eligtble for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places. The The primary purpose of this investigation remaining 25 sites are recommended as not eligtble is to identify and assess the archaeological remains for inclusion on the National Register of Historic present at Camp Mackall and Fort Bragg for the Places. National Register of Historic Places. There were also a number of secondary goals which included: Tweuty-three of the 26 sites have prehistoric components and three have historic components. Twenty-one of the 23 sites with prehistoric components exhibit only lithic debitage or other non-diagnostic material. Prehistoric pottery from one of these sites would indicate a Woodland Period occupation. Of the three historic period sites only one was found to contain an artifact assemblage. These materials are ephemeral and consist entirely of materials consistent with late-eighteenth through early-twentieth century occupation. ii 'fAJ31LlE OF CON'fJENTS List of Figures v List of Tables Vil Acknowledgements viii Introduction 1 Survey Background I Curation I7 Natural Setting 19 Physiography and Drainage 19 Geology and Soils 22 Climate 32 Floristics and Paleoenvironment 33 Prehistoric and Historic OveIView 37 Previous Research 37 Prehistoric Overview 41 Historic Overview 53 Research Strategy and Methods 63 Research Goals 63 Archival Research 69 Field Survey 69 Laboratory Methods 78 Results of Survey 81 Introduction 81 Revisited Archaeological Sites 86 Newly Identified Archaeological Sites 89 Isolated Occurrences 108 Conclusions 115 Introduction 115 Site Attrition 117 Site Size and Identification 118 Prehistoric Land Use 119 Site Density and Function 121. Lithic Resource Use 122 Artifacts 122 Recommendations 124 Sources Cited 125 Appendix 1. Catalog of Recovered Materials 137 iii JLilST OJF lFilGURJES Figure 1. Location of the project areas in North Carolina 2 2. Location of Camp Mackall and Fort Bragg in the Richmond, Cumberland, and Hamett County area 3 3. The Camp Mackall Special Forces Training Area survey tract 4 4. Fort Bragg general survey tract "A" 5 5. Fort Bragg general survey tract "B" and "G" 6 6. Fort Bragg general survey tract "C', "D", "E", and "F' 7 7. Fort Bragg general survey tract "H" 8 8. Fort Bragg general survey tract "I" and "J" 9 9. View of the Camp Mackall Special Forces Training Area survey tract 10 10. View of Fort Bragg general survey tract "A" 10 11. View of Fort Bragg general survey tract "B" 11 12. View of Fort Bragg general survey tract "C" 11 13. View of Fort Bragg general survey tract "D" 12 14. View of Fort Bragg general survey tract "E" 12 15. View of Fort Bragg General survey tract "F" 13 16. View of Fort Bragg general survey tract "G" 13 17. View of Fort Bragg general survey tract "If' 14 18. View of Fort Bragg general survey tract "I" 14 19. View of Fort Bragg general survey tract "J" 15 20. Physiographic setting of the survey tracts 20 21. Slope to drainage at 31HT215*, view to the north 22 22. Soils in the Camp Mackall Special Forces Training Area survey tract 25 23. Soils in Fort Bragg general survey tract "A" 26 24. Soils in Fort Bragg general survey tract "B" and "G" 27 25. Soils in Fort Bragg general suivey tract "C', "D", "E", and "F' 28 26 Soils in Fort Bragg general survey tract "H" 29 27. Soils in Fort Bragg general survey tract "I" and "J" 30 28. Sites identified by Braley in association with Fort Bragg general survey tract "H" 39 29. Sites identified by Braley in association with Fort Bragg general survey tract "I" and "J" 40 30. Cultural sequence for eastern North Carolina 42 31. Paleoindian projectile points in the Carolinas 44 32. Projectile point traditions of North Carolina 45 33. Mouzon's 1775 map of the Fort Bragg area 53 34. Colonial settlement along the upper Cape Fear 53 35. The Revolutionary War in North Carolina 56 36. The Civil War in North Carolina 58 37. Vicinity of Fayetteville and Fort Bragg in 1865 58 38. Survey transects; Camp Mackall Special Forces Training Area survey tract 71 39. Survey transects; Fort Bragg general survey tract "A" 72 40. Survey transects; Fort Bragg general survey tract "B" and "G" 73 41. Survey transects; Fort Bragg general survey tract "C', "D", "E", aud "F' 74 42. Survey transects; Fort Bragg general survey tract "H" 75 iv 43. Survey transects; Fort Bragg general sutvey tract "I" and "J" 76 44. Sites recorded. in the Camp Mackall Special Forces Training Area sutvey tract 82 45. Sites recorded in Fort Bragg general survey tract "C" and "F' 83 46. Sites recorded in Fort Bragg general sutvey tract "H" 84 47. Sites recorded in Fort Bragg general snrvey tract "I" and "J" 85 48. Map of 31CD106** and 31CD528** 87 49. Map of 31RH287* and test unit profile 90 50. Map of 31HT210* and test unit profile 92 51. Map of 31HT211 * and test unit profile 94 52. Map of 31HT212* and test unit profile 96 53. Map of 31HT213* and test unit profile 98 54. Map of 31HT214* and test unit profile 100 55. Map of 31HT215* and test unit profile 102 56. Map of 31HT225* and test unit profile 104 57 Map of 31HT231 * and test unit profile 106 58. Map of 31CD529*, isolated occurrence 108 59. Map of isolated occurreuces, Fort Bragg general survey tract "H' 109 60. Map of isolated occurrences, Fort Bragg general survey tract "I" 111 61. Map of isolated occurrences, Fort Bragg general survey tract "J" 113 62. Artifacts recovered from the Fort Bragg General Survey 123 v JLKS'Jf' OJF 1f'ABJLJES Table 1.