GABRIEL PENNO SARAIVA PROPOSALS TO REFOREST THE EARTH CURITIBA, BRAZIL SEPTEMBER 2004 Proposals to Reforest the Earth PROPOSALS TO REFOREST THE EARTH Curitiba, Brazil September 24, 2004 Gabriel Penno Saraiva Rua Joaquim Jose Pedrosa, 44 Cabral 80035-120 Curitiba, PR Brazil +55 41 9183-7114 [email protected] Proposals to Reforest the Earth Proposals to Reforest the Earth TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 - INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................1 2 – MAIN ISSUES REGARDING FORESTS..................................................2 2.1 – FOREST COVER............................................................................................................2 2.2 – DEFORESTATION.........................................................................................................3 2.3 – ILLEGAL LOGGING.....................................................................................................5 2.3.1 - MAGNITUDE OF ILLEGAL ACTIVITIES..............................................................5 2.3.2 - CONSEQUENCES OF FOREST CRIME..................................................................8 2.3.3 - CONCLUSION...........................................................................................................9 2.4 – DESERTIFICATION....................................................................................................10 2.4.1 – GENERAL ASPECTS.............................................................................................10 2.4.2 – ISSUES.....................................................................................................................11 2.4.3 - GLOBAL MONITORING........................................................................................12 2.4.4 - LOCAL REMEDIES.................................................................................................12 3 – FOREST BENEFITS..................................................................................14 3.1 - DIRECT USE VALUES.................................................................................................15 3.1.1 - TIMBER ...................................................................................................................15 3.1.2 - NON-TIMBER FOREST PRODUCTS ...................................................................15 3.1.3 - TOURISM AND RECREATION ............................................................................16 3.1.4 - RESEARCH AND EDUCATION BENEFITS .......................................................17 3.2 – INDIRECT USE VALUES............................................................................................17 3.2.1 - WATERSHED EFFECTS .......................................................................................17 3.2.1.1 - FLOW REGULATION.................................................................................................18 3.2.1.2 - REDUCED SOIL EROSION..........................................................................................18 3.2.1.3 - MAINTENANCE OF WATER QUALITY...........................................................................19 3.2.1.4 - WATER TABLE REGULATION.....................................................................................19 3.2.1.5 - PRECIPITATION.......................................................................................................19 3.2.2 - BIODIVERSITY.......................................................................................................20 3.2.2.1 – GENERAL ASPECTS.................................................................................................20 3.2.2.2 - VALUING BIODIVERSITY ..........................................................................................21 Proposals to Reforest the Earth Proposals to Reforest the Earth 3.2.2.3 - THE ECONOMIC VALUE OF MEDICINAL PLANTS ...........................................................21 3.2.2.4 - THE VALUE OF PLANT GENETIC RESOURCES FOR AGRICULTURE .....................................22 3.2.3 - MICRO CLIMATIC FUNCTIONS .........................................................................23 3.2.4 - CARBON STORAGE ..............................................................................................23 3.2.4.1 – GENERAL ASPECTS.................................................................................................23 3.2.4.2 - ESTIMATING CARBON RELEASED THROUGH FOREST LAND CONVERSION ..........................24 3.2.4.3 - ESTIMATING THE ECONOMIC VALUE OF ONE TON OF CARBON ........................................24 3.2.5 - SOIL NUTRIENT CYCLING .................................................................................25 3.2.6 – URBAN VALUES...................................................................................................25 3.2.6.1 - ENVIRONMENTAL AND ENERGY SAVINGS.....................................................................25 3.2.6.2 - FINANCIAL VALUES.................................................................................................26 3.3 - OPTION VALUE ...........................................................................................................27 3.4 - NON-USE VALUE ........................................................................................................27 3.5 - CASE STUDY: NIGERIA, SHELTERBELTS AND FARM FORESTRY..............27 3.5.1 – GENERAL ASPECTS.............................................................................................27 3.5.2 - ESTIMATING THE EFFECT OF THE FORESTATION PROGRAM ON SOIL FERTILITY...............................................................................................28 3.5.3 - RESULTS ................................................................................................................29 4 - METHODS...................................................................................................30 4.1 – FORESTATION AND REFORESTATION...............................................................30 4.1.1 - FUNCTION AND PLACE OF TREES AND SHRUBS..........................................30 4.1.1.1 - INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................30 4.1.1.2 - FUNCTION OF TREES AND SHRUBS..............................................................................30 OVERVIEW......................................................................................................................30 FUELWOOD.....................................................................................................................31 FODDER.........................................................................................................................31 IMPROVEMENT IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION.....................................................................32 4.1.1.3 - PLACE OF TREES AND SHRUBS IN RURAL LANDSCAPES...................................................33 4.1.1.4 - COMBINED PRODUCTION SYSTEMS.............................................................................34 AGRISILVICULTURE...........................................................................................................34 SILVIPASTURE..................................................................................................................34 AGRISILVIPASTURE...........................................................................................................35 4.1.2 - TECHNIQUES OF NURSERY OPERATIONS......................................................36 4.1.2.1 - CHOICE OF SITE FOR THE NURSERY............................................................................37 4.1.2.2 - DESIGN OF THE NURSERY.........................................................................................37 Proposals to Reforest the Earth Proposals to Reforest the Earth SIZE OF THE NURSERY.......................................................................................................38 NURSERY WATER SUPPLY.................................................................................................38 4.1.2.3 - COLLECTION, HANDLING, STORAGE AND PRE-TREATMENT OF SEEDS...............................39 SEED QUALITY................................................................................................................39 SEED COLLECTION...........................................................................................................39 SEED EXTRACTION...........................................................................................................40 SEED DRYING.................................................................................................................40 SEED STORAGE................................................................................................................40 SEED VIABILITY...............................................................................................................40 NUMBER OF SEEDS PER UNIT WEIGHT.................................................................................40 4.1.2.4 - SEEDLING PRODUCTION............................................................................................41 NURSERY SOIL MIXTURES.................................................................................................41 NURSERY SOIL TREATMENT...............................................................................................41 FILLING THE POTS/POT SIZE..............................................................................................41