AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL REPORT 1988 This report covers the period January to December 1987 Amnesty International is a worldwide movement independent of any government, political persuasion or religious creed. It plays a specific role in the international protection of human rights: - it seeks the release of prisoners ofconscience. These are people detained fo r their beliefs, colour, sex, ethnic origin, language or religion who have not used or advocated violence; - it works forfa irand prompt trials for all political prisoners; - it opposes the death penalty and torture or other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment of all prisoners without reservation. Amnesty International is impartial. It does not support or oppose any government or political system, nor does it support or oppose the views of the prisoners whose rights it seeks to protect. It is concerned solely with the protection ofthe human rights involved in each case, regardless ofthe ideology ofthe government or the beliefs ofthe victim. Amnesty International, as a matter of principle, condemns the torture and execution of prisoners by anyone, including opposition groups. Governments have the responsibility fo r dealing with such abuses, acting in conformity with international standards for the protection of human rights. Amnesty International does not grade governments according to their record on human rights: instead of attempting comparisons, it concentrates on trying to end the specific violations of human rights in each case. Amnesty International acts on the basis of the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other international instruments. Through practical work fo r prisoners within its mandate, Amnesty International participates in the wider promotion and protection of human rights in the civil, political, economic, social and cultural spheres . ... Amnesty International has more than 700,000 members, subscribers and supporters in over 150 countries and territories, with over 3,800 local groups in more than 60 countries in Africa, the Americas, Asia, Europe and the Middle East. Each group works on behalf of prisoners of conscience in countries other than its own. These countries are balanced geographically and politically to ensure impartiality. Information about prisoners and human rights violations emanates from Amnesty International's Research Department in London. No section, group or member is expected to provide information on their own country, and no section, group or member has any responsibility for action taken or statements issued by the international organization concerning their own country. Amnesty International has formal relations with the United Nations (ECOSOC). UNESCO, the Council of Europe, the Organization of American States and the Organization of African Unity. Amnesty International is financed by subscri ptions and donations fro m its worldwide membership. To safeguard the independence ofthe organization, all contributions are strictly controlled by guidelines laid down by the International Council and income and expenditure are made public in an annual financial report. .. .. � .... 0< o ... '" 0< ...l C Z o �Z 0< '" � >­ .... Cl> '" z :E c AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL REPORT 1988 Amnesty International Publications 1 Easton Street London WCIX 8DJ United Kingdom .. ID 00 00 First published 1988 by Amnesty International Publications 1 Easton Street. London WC1X801. United Kingdom © Copyright Amnesty International Publications 1988 ISBN 0 86210 143 3 AI Index: POL 10/01/88 Original Language: English Printed and typeset in Great Britain by Redesign. 9 London Lane. London E8 Designed by Richard Hollis All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced. stored in a retrieval system. or transmitted. in any form or by any means. electronic. mechanical. photocopying. recordingandlor otherwise. without the prior permission of the publishers. This report documents Amnesty and territories cited in the text and for that International's work and its concerns purpose only. It is not possible on the throughout the world during 1987. The small scale used to show precise political absence of an entry in this report on a boundaries. nor should the maps be taken particular country does not imply that no as indicating any view on the status of human rights violations of concern to disputed territory. Amnesty International Amnesty International have taken place takes no position on territorial questions. there during the year. Nor is the length of a Disputed boundaries and cease-fire lines country entry any basis for a comparison of are shown. where possible. by broken the extent and depth of Amnesty lines. Areas whose disputed status is a International's concerns in a country. matter of unresolved concern before the Regional maps have been included in this relevant bodies ofthe United Nations have report to indicate the location of countries been indicated by striping. Amnesty International Report 1988 ERRATA A/riCd Page 22 (Angola), line 47 and penultimate line of entry, Felix Mateus Murgar should read: Felix Mateus Mungue. Page 85 (Zaire), second column, lines 37-38, should read: years' im­ prisonment, one received a IO-year prison term and two received two­ year prison terms. Europe Page 198 (Finland), line 21, name should read Hovivuori, line 29, name should read Louhivuori. Page 277: Appendix V: Selected International Human Rights Treaties The United States of America has signed both the ICCPR and the ICESCR, but not the Optional Protocol to ICCPR. CO NTENTS Introduction /1 Amnesty International: A Worldwide Campaign /6 Work with International Organizations / 14 AF RICA Angola (The People's Republic of) /21 Benin (The People's Republic of) /23 Burkina Faso / 24 Burundi (The Republic of) /26 Cameroon (The Republic of) /27 Cape Verde (The Republic of) / 29 Central African Republic (The) / 29 Chad (The Republic of) / 31 Comoros (The Islamic Federal Republic of the) /33 Congo (The People's Republic of the) /34 COte d'Ivoire / 35 Djibouti (The Republic of) / 36 Equatorial Guinea (The Republic of) /37 Ethiopia (The People's Democratic Republic of) /38 Gabon (The Gabonese Republic) /41 Gambia (The Republic ofthe) /41 Ghana (The Republic of) /42 Guinea (The Republic of) /43 Guinea-Bissau (The Republic of) / 45 Kenya (The Republic of) / 46 Lesotho (The Kingdom of) / 49 Liberia (The Republic of) / 50 Madagascar (The Democratic Republic of) /51 Malawi (The Republic of) / 52 Mali (The Republic of) / 53 Mauritania (The Islamic Republic of) / 54 Mauritius / 56 Mozambique (The People's Republic of) /56 Namibia / 59 Niger (The Republic of the) /61 ,. I: Nigeria (The Federal Republic of) /63 z ,., Rwanda (The Rwandese Republic) /64 � Senegal (The Republic of) / 65 i .... ,., Seychelles (The Republic of) /67 '" z Sierra Leone (The Republic of) /68 �o z Somalia (The Somali Democratic Republic) /69 ,. r- South Africa (The Republic of) /71 '" Sudan (The Republic of the) / 75 � � Swaziland (The Kingdom of) / 77 ... '" .. Tanzania (The United Republic of) / 78 .. Togo (The Togolese Republic) /79 Uganda (The Republic of) /80 Zaire (The Republic of) /83 Zambia (The Republic of) / 86 Zimbabwe (The Republic of) / 88 TH E AM ERICAS Argentina (The Argentine Republic) /93 Barbados / 95 Bolivia (The Republic of) /95 Brazil (The Federative Republic of) /97 Canada / 99 Chile (The Republic of) / 99 Colombia (The Republic of) /103 Cuba (The Republic of) / 106 Dominican Republic (The) / 108 Ecuador (The Republic of) /109 El Salvador (The Republic of) /111 Grenada / 113 Guatemala (The Republic of) /114 Guyana (The Republic of) /116 Haiti (The Republic of) / 117 Honduras (The Republic of) /119 Jamaica / 122 Mexico (The United Mexican States) /123 Nicaragua (The Republic of) /125 Panama (The Republic of) /128 Paraguay (The Republic of) /129 Peru (The Republic of) / 131 St Vincent and the Grenadines / 134 Suriname (The Republic of) / 135 Trinidad and Tobago (The Republic of) / 136 United States of America (The) / 137 Uruguay (The Eastern Republic of) /140 Venezuela (The Republic of) /141 co � ASIA AND TH E PAC IFIC >­ Ill: o � Afghanistan (The Republic of) /147 ;i Australia /148 z � Bangladesh (The People's Republic of) / 149 /151 Ill:� Brunei Darussalam � Burma (The Socialist Republic ofthe Union of) /152 !i � China (The People's Republic of) /153 � Fiji /156 India (The Republic of) / 158 Indonesia (The Republic of) and East Timor 1161 Japan 1163 Kampuchea (The People's Republic of) I 163 Korea (The Democratic People's Republic of) 1164 Korea (The Republic of) 1165 Laos (The Lao People's Democratic Republic) 1168 Malaysia I 169 Nepal (The Kingdom of) 1171 Pakistan (The Islamic Republic of) I 173 Palau 1176 Philippines (The Republic ofthe) 1176 Singapore (The Republic of) I 179 Sri Lanka (The Democratic Socialist Republic of) 1181 Taiwan (The Republic of China) 1183 Thailand (The Kingdom of) 1186 Vi et Nam (The Socialist Republic of) 1188 EU ROPE Albania (The Socialist People's Republic of) 1193 Austria (The Republic of) 1194 Bulgaria (The People's Republic of) 1195 Czechoslovakia (The Czechoslovak Socialist Republic) 1196 Finland (The Republic of) I 198 France (The French Republic) I 199 German Democratic Republic (The) 1201 Germany. Federal Republic of I 203 Greece (The Hellenic Republic) 1204 Hungary (The Hungarian People's Republic) 1204 Italy (The Italian Republic) 1206 Malta (The Republic of) I 207 Norway (The Kingdom of) I 208 Poland (The Polish People's Republic) 1209 Romania (The Socialist Republic of) 1210 Spain (The Kingdom of)