Chapter 8: Biological Environment URS-EIA-REP-203876 Table of Contents 8 Biological Environment .............................................................................. 8-1 8.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 8-1 8.2 Scoping .............................................................................................................. 8-1 8.3 Spatial and Temporal Boundaries .......................................................................... 8-2 8.3.1 Project Phases ........................................................................................ 8-2 8.3.2 Project Boundaries .................................................................................. 8-2 8.4 Baseline Data ...................................................................................................... 8-3 8.4.1 Methodology and Data ............................................................................ 8-3 8.4.2 Secondary Data ...................................................................................... 8-3 8.4.3 Data Gaps .............................................................................................. 8-3 8.4.4 Primary Data and Baseline Surveys .......................................................... 8-3 8.4.5 Data Assumptions and Limitations ............................................................ 8-7 8.5 Baseline Characteristics ....................................................................................... 8-8 8.5.1 Black Sea Overview ................................................................................. 8-8 8.5.2 Plankton ................................................................................................. 8-9 8.5.2.1 Background and Literature Review ..................................................... 8-9 8.5.2.2 Plankton Survey ............................................................................. 8-11 8.5.3 Benthos ................................................................................................ 8-12 8.5.3.1 Background and Literature Review ................................................... 8-12 8.5.3.2 Abyssal Plain Study ......................................................................... 8-13 8.5.4 Fish ...................................................................................................... 8-13 8.5.4.1 Background and Literature Review ................................................... 8-13 8.5.4.2 Ichthyoplankton Survey and Fisheries Study ..................................... 8-14 8.5.5 Birds .................................................................................................... 8-20 8.5.5.1 Background and Literature Review ................................................... 8-20 8.5.5.2 Birds Survey ................................................................................... 8-23 8.5.6 Marine Mammals ................................................................................... 8-31 8.5.6.1 Background and Literature Review ................................................... 8-31 8.5.6.2 Mammal Survey .............................................................................. 8-34 8.6 Species of Conservational Concern ..................................................................... 8-36 8.7 Critical Habitat .................................................................................................. 8-39 8.7.1 Overview .............................................................................................. 8-39 8.7.2 Discrete Management Units (DMUs) ....................................................... 8-39 8.7.3 Critical Habitat for Endangered Species .................................................. 8-40 8.7.4 Critical Habitat for Migratory and Congregatory Species ........................... 8-40 8.8 Impact Assessment ........................................................................................... 8-41 8.8.1 Impact Assessment Methodology ........................................................... 8-41 8.8.1.1 Impact Assessment Criteria ............................................................. 8-43 8.8.1.2 Modelling Undertaken ..................................................................... 8-49 8.8.2 Assessment of Potential Impacts: Construction and Pre-commissioning .... 8-49 URS-EIA-REP-203876 i Chapter 8 Biological Environment 8.8.2.1 Introduction ................................................................................... 8-49 8.8.2.2 Assessment of Potential Impacts (Pre-Mitigation) ............................. 8-50 8.8.2.3 Mitigation and Monitoring................................................................ 8-57 8.8.2.4 Residual Impacts: Construction and Pre-Commissioning .................... 8-59 8.8.3 Assessment of Potential Impacts: Operational Phase ............................... 8-63 8.8.3.1 Introduction ................................................................................... 8-63 8.8.3.2 Assessment of Potential Impacts (Pre-Mitigation) ............................. 8-63 8.8.3.3 Mitigation and Monitoring................................................................ 8-63 8.8.3.4 Residual Impacts: Operational Phase ............................................... 8-64 8.8.4 Assessment of Potential Impacts: Decommissioning Phase ...................... 8-64 8.9 Unplanned Events ............................................................................................. 8-66 8.10 Cumulative Impacts Assessment ........................................................................ 8-66 8.11 Conclusions....................................................................................................... 8-67 ii URS-EIA-REP-203876 Tables Table 8.1 Marine Ecology Surveys (2009 and 2011) ............................................................. 8-4 Table 8.2 Species Composition of Black Sea Pelagic Fish Species Caught in 10 Ichthyoplankton Trawls in the Project Area in December 2009 ..................................................................... 8-14 Table 8.3 Composition, Frequency of Occurrence and Average Abundance of Ichthyoplankton from Vertical Hauls in the Turkish EEZ Central Black Sea September and October 2011 ........ 8-15 Table 8.4 Composition, Frequency of Occurrence and Average Abundance of Ichthyoplankton from Horizontal Hauls in the Turkish EEZ Central Black Sea September and October 2011 .... 8-15 Table 8.5 Summary of Fish Species Likely to be Present in the Turkish EEZ ......................... 8-18 Table 8.6 Bird Species Groups in Black Sea Region (Ref. 8.4) .............................................. 8-22 Table 8.7 Abundance of Bird Species Observed During the 2009 and 2011 Surveys .............. 8-24 Table 8.8 Non-Seabirds Observed During 2009 and 2011 Surveys ....................................... 8-29 Table 8.9 Marine Mammal Species within the Black Sea ...................................................... 8-31 Table 8.10 Abundance of Common Dolphin in the Black Sea (Ref. 8.5) ................................ 8-32 Table 8.11 Abundance of Bottlenose Dolphins in the Eastern Black Sea (Ref. 8.5) ................ 8-33 Table 8.12 Abundance of Marine Mammals Observed during Transect and Station Surveys – 2009 ............................................................................................................................... 8-34 Table 8.13 Results of Observations Over Marine Mammals at Transects in Autumn 2011 ...... 8-35 Table 8.14 Summary of Species and Total Number of Marine Mammals in 2009 and 2011 .... 8-36 Table 8.15 Species of Conservation Concern Potentially Occurring in Turkish Waters ............ 8-37 Table 8.16 Project Activities in the Turkish Marine Environment .......................................... 8-42 Table 8.17 Receptor Sensitivity Criteria for Marine Habitats ................................................ 8-43 Table 8.18 Receptor Sensitivity Criteria for Marine Species ................................................. 8-44 Table 8.19 Marine Ecology Receptors ................................................................................ 8-46 Table 8.20 Marine Habitat – Impact Magnitude .................................................................. 8-47 Table 8.21 Marine Species – Impact Magnitude ................................................................. 8-48 Table 8.22 Impacts Significance Matrix .............................................................................. 8-48 Table 8.23 Impact Significance Definitions ......................................................................... 8-49 Table 8.24 Design Controls ............................................................................................... 8-50 URS-EIA-REP-203876 iii Chapter 8 Biological Environment Table 8.25 Predicted Behavioural Impact Ranges for Cetaceans Based on 75 dBht ................ 8-56 Table 8.26 Predicted Behavioural Impact Ranges for Sonar Source ..................................... 8-57 Table 8.27 Assessment of Impacts: Construction and Pre-Commissioning Phase .................. 8-60 Table 8.28 Assessment of Impacts: Operational Phase ....................................................... 8-65 Figures Figure 8.1 Sampling locations for 2009 and 2011 Surveys .................................................... 8-6 Figure 8.2 Taxonomic Characteristics of Phytoplankton in the Area Surveyed in Sept and Oct 2011 ..............................................................................................................................