Index Note: page numbers in italics refer to figures. Aardonyx 106–7 gastral cuirass 47 abelisaurids 95, 96, 97, 168, 231 growth 209, 211 acetabulum 51, 51–2, 52 head posture 85 function and morphology 14–16, 16 jugal bone 13 open morphology 14–16, 15 laser scanning 120 Achelousaurus 113 neck muscles 71 Acrocanthosaurus 96, 127 pelvis 21, 52 activity, levels of 221, 221–2 phylogeny 96,98 Aepyornis 194 skeleton 31 Aerosteon 13, 43, 48, 52, 80 trauma-related injury 64 Aetosaurus 3 Alvarez, Luis 258–9 age Alvarez, Walter 258, 258–9 bone, determination 201–3, 202, 204 alvarezsauroids 99, 100, 103, 105, 176 at sexual maturation 211 Amargasaurus 109 Age of Dinosaurs 7–8, 256–7 ambiens muscle 74 air sacs 25, 78–81, 79, 80 Amprino’s Rule 203 body mass and 127 analogues 32 cranial 80–1 Anchiornis 78, 154–5 function in birds 78, 78–9 angiosperms 188–9, 189 postcranial 44, 78–80 angular bone 33, 37,40 Alamosaurus 205, 208 ankle 16–17, 18, 53, 143 Albertosaurus 100, 209, 215 Ankylosauridae 110, 111 gastralia 47 ankylosaurs 22 survivorship curve 238–9, 239 brain Plate 12 Alioramus feeding and diet 184–5 air sacs 80 locomotion and posture 144 pelvis 52 COPYRIGHTEDolfaction MATERIAL 83–4 skull 13, 36, 123 osteoderms 61, 62, 62,63 teeth 41, Plate 1 phylogeny 110, 111, 112 vertebrae 43 Antetonitrus 107, 108 Allosauridae 98 antitrochanter 15,19 Allosauroidea 97, 97–8, 168 antorbital fenestra 33, 36–7 Allosaurus Apatosaurus 109 body mass 127, 128 body mass 126, 127 feeding and diet 163, 168, Plate 14 genome size 253 Dinosaur Paleobiology, First Edition. Stephen L. Brusatte. Ó 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 309 Apatosaurus (continued) biomechanical modeling growth 204, 205, 208 feeding and diet 162–5, 165, Plate 14 locomotion 138–9 locomotion 141–3, 142, 152, 152 neck 119, 121, 157 physiology 221, 221–2 appendicular skeleton 47–54 bipedalism Archaeoceratops 113 early dinosaurs and close relatives 144 Archaeopteryx 24, 25 foot anatomy and 54 feathers 154, 155 hand anatomy and 51 growth 212, 213, 213 ornithischians 144, 145–6 phylogeny 104, 105 sauropodomorphs 147 Archosauria 2–6, 4,91 theropods 148 ankle 16 bird-hipped dinosaurs see Ornithischia bird-line see Avemetatarsalia birds 2, 2, 24–6, 25, 75, 155 crocodile-line see Crurotarsi air sacs 78, 78–9, 79 disparity 251, 251–2 basal 100–2, 104, 105 diversity 248–50, 250 forelimb 50, 50 genealogical tree 5 genealogy 99, 99, 100–3, 105 genome size 253, 254 growth strategies 212–13, 213 growth 207 hindlimb system 137–8, 150 locomotion and posture 143–4 locomotion 147–8, 149–50, 151 morphometrics 125 metabolism 219–20 Argentinosaurus 109 pectoral girdle 49 armor, bony body 61, 62, 63, 111 reproduction 198–9 articular bone 33, 37,40 birth–death model 248 Asilisaurus 6, 17–20 bite force assemblages, fossil 228, 232, 236–7 analysis 162, 164, 165 asteroid impact 258–9, 260 tyrannosaurids 168–9, 169 astragalus 16–17, 18,53 bite marks 162, 162 Aucasaurus 96 tyrannosaurid 161, 169, 170, 170, 171, 171 auditory anatomy 84, 84 biting styles Australovenator 98 analysis 164, 165, 166 Avemetatarsalia 5, 5–6, 12,91 theropods 166, 168, 172 Aves (Avialae) see birds bizarre structures 54–64 axial skeleton 42–7 sexual dimorphism 126 blood flow to skeleton 224 Bagaceratops 112 blood vessels 85, 86 Bakker, Robert 11, 217, 221 body mass Balaur 55, 173, 174 estimation 126–30 Bambiraptor 48 longevity and 206 Barapasaurus 108 body plan Baryonyx 98, 171–2 non-avian theropod 148 basioccipital bone 35, 36,38 ornithischian 182–3 basipterygoid process 36,39 tetrapod 32 basisphenoid bone 35, 36,39 see also form Batrachotomus 3 body size 126–30 Bayesian analysis 90–1 estimation 126–30 beaks 36, 182, 183, 186 evolution 252 beam analysis 164, 165, 166 evolution of flight and 155, 156 Beipiaosaurus 76, 105 extremes 209–10 Beishanlong 100 growth curves 203–6, 205 beta diversity 248, 249 metabolism and 225 biceps muscle 71, 72 speed of locomotion and 148, 151–2 bill, duck-like 183 bone(s) 29–64 binocular vision 84–5 aging 201–3, 202, 204 biogeography 229–32, 230 body mass estimation 128–30, 129 cladistic 229 cancellous (trabecular; spongy) 30, 30–1 310 INDEX cells see osteocytes gross skeletal anatomy 160–1 compact (cortical) 30, 30,31 teeth 41, 41 composition 30, 30 theropods 167–74, 175, 190 dermal (membranous) 30 Carnotaurus 95, 97, 168 dinosaur 32–64 carotid artery 82 endochondral 30 carpals 49,50 fibrolamellar 201, 201, 220 cartilage, joint 137 growth 200–1, 201 caudal vertebrae 42, 43, 44,45 histology 200–3, 201, 202, 204, 220–1, Plate 15 Caudipteryx 25,76 inferring locomotion and posture 136–9 caudofemoralis muscles 16 inferring soft tissues 66, 66–7 center of mass, birds 150 lamellar 31, 200–1, 201 Centrosaurinae 110, 113, 114 medullary 133, 133–4, 211 Centrosaurus 55, 74, 113 methods of articulation 137 centrum 42, 43 oxygen isotope studies 202–3, 222–4, 223 Cerapoda 110, 112 strength indicators 138–9 ceratopsians 22 texture 30–1, 31, 200–1, 201, 220–1 cranial horns and frills 55–7, 56, 58 vertebrate 31–2 feeding and diet 183, 185–6 woven 31 keratinized integumentary tissue 74,75 see also skeleton locomotion and posture 144–5, 145 bonebeds 236–7, 238, 238–9 niche partitioning 233–5, 234 bone-crunching behavior 167, 169, 169 ontogeny 215, 216 Bonitasaura 181, 182 phylogeny 110, 112–13, 113, 114 Bothriospondylus 41 Ceratopsidae 110, 112–13 Brachiosaurus 23, 108, 109 ceratosaurs 95, 95,97 body mass 127, 128 Ceratosaurus 95 digital modeling 121, 122 cerebrum 82, 82 feeding and diet 180, 181 cervical vertebrae 42, 43, 44–5 locomotion and posture 146, 146, 158 air sacs 79, 80 neck 44, 158 osteological neutral pose 157, 158 Brachylophosaurus 60, 116 characteristic features 9–20 Brachytrachelopan 109, 181–2 phylogenetic analysis 89, 90, 90–1 bradymetaboly 219 stem dinosaurs 17–20, 20 brain 81–5, 82, Plate 12 true dinosaurs 9–17, 13–15, 17–18 braincase 36, 38–9 characters, morphological endocasts 81–2, 82,83 disparity 250–3 brainstem 83 rates of change 251, 252–3 breathing 78, 78–9, 80 character–taxon matrix 90 brooding 196, 197, Plate 11 Chasmosaurinae 110, 113, 114 paternal 199–200 Chasmosaurus 113 burrowing 155, 157 cheeks 36–8, 182, 183 chevrons 46, 132–3 calcaneum 16–17, 18,53 chewing 182, 186–7, 188 calcite layer, eggs 193, 194, 198 Chicxulub crater, Mexico 259, 260 Camarasaurus 109, 177, 180–1 Chilantaisaurus 98 Camotaurus 48 Chirostenotes 103 Camptosaurus 115 Chromogisaurus 107 cannibalism 171, 171 Citipati 48, 197, 199, Plate 10 canonical variates analysis 124 clades 2, 89, 91 carbon dioxide, atmospheric 27, 28 comparative diversity 248–50, 250 carbon isotope studies 233–5, 234 grades vs. 91, 92 Carcharodontosauria 96, 97,98 sister 91 Carcharodontosauridae 97,98 cladistic biogeography 229 Carcharodontosaurus 98 cladistics 11, 89 carnivores cladograms 8, 88 evolution 166 area 229, 229 INDEX 311 cladograms (continued) morphological disparity 251, 252 constructing 89, 89–91, 90 morphological rates of change 251, 252 terminology 91, 92 Cryolophosaurus 95–6 clavicle 49 cursorial animals 136, 137, 139, 148 claws 51, 54 cursorial–graviportal spectrum 139, 140 “killer” 100, 173, 174 climate 26–8, 235–6, 236 Darwin, Charles 24 dinosaur extinction and 260 Daspletosaurus 48, 205, 209 close relatives of dinosaurs see stem dinosaurs Deccan Trap deposits 259 cochlear ducts 84, 84 defensive structures 57, 58,64 Coelophysis 8, 24, 95–6 see also armor, bony body feeding and diet 163, 171 definition of dinosaurs locomotion 139 popular 1 coelophysoids 23–4, 95–7 scientific 8–9, 9 Coelurosauria 97, 98–105, 99 Deinonychosauria 99, 102 basal 98–100, 102 Deinonychus 18, 24, 75, 105 derived 100–5, 103, 104 feeding and diet 162, 164, 173–4, 174, Plate 16 feeding and diet 175 reproduction 194 Coelurus 52 Deinosuchus 239 cold-blooded metabolism 217–19, 225 delta shift statistic 248 collagen 85 deltopectoral crest 14, 14 color, feather 77–8 density, body 126, 127 Coloradisaurus 106 dental batteries 185, 185–6 comet impact 258–9, 260 dentary 33, 37, 40, Plate 13 common ancestor dentine 30, 40, 41 cladograms 89, 89–90 Desmatosuchus 4 dinosaur 8, 9 developmental plasticity 211–12 compsognathids 99, 100, 102 dewlap 75 Compsognathus 20, 148 diapophysis 42, 43 computed tomography (CT scanning) 118 Dicraeosauridae 106, 109, 181–2 brain and sense organs 81, 82, 84, 84, Plate 12 Dicraeosaurus 109 uses 118, 119 diet 159–90 computer modeling see digital modeling evolution 93, 165–7 Concavenator 77 methods for studying 160–5 Condorraptor 98 niche partitioning 233–5 Confuciusornis 155 ornithischian 182–9, 183 continental drift/formation 26, 27, 229, 231–2 sauropodomorph 176–82, 177 coprolites 161, 162, 169, 180 specialized 161, 176 coracoid 47–9, 48 theropods 167–76, 190 coronoid bone 37,40 see also carnivores; herbivores Corythosaurus 59, 60, 116, 183, 216 digital modeling 120, 120–1, Plate 13 cranial nerves 82,83 body mass 127–8, 128, 129 crests, hadrosaurid cranial 59–60, 60 brain and sense organs 81–2, 82, Plate 12 Cretaceous–Paleogene mass extinction 257–61, 258 locomotion and posture 141–3, 142, Plate 13 Cretaceous Period 7–8 research uses 121, 122 biogeography 231–2 digits 49, 50, 50–1, 53 dinosaur diversity 245, 247–8, 249 Dilong 76 dinosaur evolution 256–7 Dilophosaurus 7, 95–6 dinosaur extinction 257–61, 258 DinoMorph computer software 120–1 geography and climate 26, 27–8 Dinosauria (true dinosaurs) saurischians 23, 24 characteristic features 9–20, 13–15, 17–18 crista tuberalis 39 concept 10–11 crocodylomorphs 2, 2, 239 major subgroups 20–4, 22 crurotarsal ankle 16, 18 origins 6–7, 255 Crurotarsi 3, 4,5,5,91 phylogenetic