1 HISTORY OF THE SCOTTISH NATION BY REV. J. A. WYLIE, LL.D., AUTHOR OF HISTORY OF PROTESTANTISM, ETC. VOL. III. FROM UNION OF SCOTS AND PICTS, A.D. 843, TO DEATH OF ALEXANDER III., A.D. 1286. L O N D O N : HAMILTON, ADAMS & CO. ANDREW ELLIOT, EDINBURGH. 1 8 8 6. 2 CONTENTS. CHAPTER I.—page 13 UNION OF THE PICTS AND SCOTS—REIGN OF KENNETH MACALPIN. Importance of the Union —Its Way prepared by great Battles—The historic Career of the Picts closed—Legends of their Massacre false— Causes of permanence of Union—Two Peoples, but one Faith—After War comes Legislation —The “Code Macalpin” —Early Laws relating to Land —Specimens of the Code Macalpin—The Code the Compilation of several Ages—Chair of Columba and Stone of Destiny placed at the Centre of the Kingdom—Death of Kenneth Macalpin—His Burial. CHAPTER II.—26 DONALD—CONSTANTINE—FIRST BATTLE WITH THE DANES. With Kenneth Macalpin the Light departs—Clearness of the Columban Age compared with following Centuries—Scotland retrograding—The Scots must be placed on the Anvil—King Donald—Two Portraits of him—King Constantine—Quells a Disturbance in Lochaber—The Danes land on the Coast of Fife—Battle and Defeat of the Danes on the Leven— Danish Fleet in Balcombie Bay—Bloody Battle at Crail—Defeat of Scots and Death of King Constantine—Burial of Constantine—Contrasted Modes of Emigration in Ancient and Modern Times—Shall Scotland be blotted out and Daneland substituted? CHAPTER III.—38 ETH —GRIG —PICTISH PERSECUTION OF COLUMBAN CHURCH—TOLERATION. Outlook after the Battle of Crail—Accession of “Swiftfoot”—A Shoal of “Sea Monks”—Accession of Grig, or Gregory—Gives Freedom to 3 the Scottish Church—First Use of the Term “Scottish Church”—The “Pictish Bondage” of Scottish Church —King Nectan and a new Easter Calendar —Nectan’s Clergy shorn in the Roman Fashion—The Recalcitrants expelled —Nectan’s Edict revoked by Gregory—Evils of Nectan’s Policy —Columbites recalled by Kenneth Macalpin—Nectan dies in a Monk’s Cowl. CHAPTER IV.—48 GREGORY OF SCOTLAND AND ALFRED OF ENGLAND— NORSEMEN—THE FADING COLUMBAN LAMP. A strong Hand at the Helm—Treason among the Picts—Gregory chastises them—Gregory’s Exploits on the Border—His Conflicts with the Danes and the Britons—Crosses to Ireland—Ravages of Hardnute in North of England —Expelled by Gregory—Friendship between Gregory and Alfred of England, —Beauty of Alfred’s Character— Adversities of his Youth—Illustrious Labours of his riper Years—Heads Army of Bible Translators—A dying Lamp. CHAPTER V.—57 DONALD—CONSTANTINE—LOST BATTLES AND THEIR LESSONS. Accession of Donald—Return of the Danes—The Scottish Alliance with Alfred renewed—The Danes repulsed—A Danish Colony settled in Northumbria—Donald fights two Battles in Moray—His Death— Accession of Constantine—Under Constantine Scotland retrogrades — A National Assembly at Scone for the Reformation of the Church—Its Significance—Civil Divisions of Scotland—The Country known as Alban—Boundaries of the Kingdom of Alban—Outlying Regions North and South of Alban—Saxonia on the south and Norwegia on the north— Divisions of the Kingdom of Alban—Names and Boundaries of its five Provinces—Subdivisions of the Province—Constantine joins the Danes against England—Is defeated in Battle—Invades England a second time—Stratagem of Anlaf—Battle of Brouny—Lesson of Defeat — 4 Retreat of Constantine pursued by Athelstan—Scottish Boundary recedes to, the Forth—Corivention at Abernethy—Constantin abdicates and enters the Monastery of St. Andrews. CHAPTER VI.—71 SPECIAL MISSION OF SCOTLAND—SYNOD OF SCONE—A TENTH CENTURY REFORMATION The Silent Forces the Mightier—Power of Christianity is in the ratio of its simplicity—Shown in the Power of Columba’s Mission—Sources of Scottish History—Adamnan’s Life of Columba; Book of Deer, &c.— Dr. Johnson’s eulogy—General Assembly of the Scottish Church at Scone—Independence of Scottish Church—Reformation on the lines of the Bible—Proceedings closed with an Oath to go forward in Reformation—Delays the Triumph of Rome —Revival—Columban Church in Existence and Action in the Twelfth Century. CHAPTER VII.—79 DESTRUCTION OF EARLY SCOTTISH LITERATURE —THE COLUMBITES METAMORPHOSED —WAS IONA A ROMAN OR A PROTESTANT CHURCH. Causes of the Destruction of Early Scottish Literature—The Columbites claimed in our day by Romanists—This an Hallucination—Iona and Rome contrasted in their Foundation-stone—Bede’s testimony to the Columbites —Testimony of Columbanus—Iona and Rome contrasted in their Top-stone —The Columban Eucharist and the Romish Mass— Extraordinary Statement of Father Innes—Testimony of Claudius Scotus—The use of the terms body and blood of Christ, Altar, Sacrifice, etc., no proof that the Church of Columba believed in Transubstantiation and the Mass—Cave on the Communion Tables of the Early Church— Or Lindsay Alexander on the Columbite Supper— Footnote—Wooden Communion Tables in Early Irish Church—The Mass of the Primitive Church—What the phrase means and how it came into use —Still used 5 in Eastern Church—No witness from the dead needed. CHAPTER VIII.—94 REIGNS OF MALCOLM I.—INDULF —DUFF —CULLEEN —SCOTLAND’S ONE TALENT. Disorders repressed—Malcolm assassinated—Tndulf ascends the Throne —The Danes in Firth of Forth—Battle at Cullen in which Indulf falls —Edinburgh—Duff the Black—Change in Office of Abbot— Vigour of Duff—He is assassinated—Cullen King—His Profligacy and Death —Scotland’s one Talent, Bible Christianity—Scotland trading with its one Talent—The rich harvest it yields—The Scots burying their Talent in the Earth. CHAPTER IX.—102 REIGN OF KENNETH —BATTLE OF LUNCARTY —HOUSE OF HAY-ALTERATION OF LAW OF SUCCESSION. Mission of the Norsemen—Kenneth III.—State of the Hebrides—A Norse Flotilla on the East Coast—Battle of Luncarty—The Scots flee— Arrested by Hay and his two Sons—Defeat turned into Victory—Historic Proofs of the Incident—Revival of Arts and Agriculture—Succession to the Crown: the Fittest chosen—Law of Succession changed—Death of Prince Malcolm —Story of Kings Death. CHAPTER X.—111 MALCOLM II.—CESSION OF LOTHIAN TO SCOTS —BATTLES OF MURTLACH AND BARRY —KINGDOM OF SCOTIA. Evil Years—Claimants to the Throne—Malcolm II. mounts it—His Character by Fordun—Battle of Carham—Lothian ceded to Scotland— Danish Fleet off the Spey—Devastations—Spread of the Danish Power in Scotland—Battle of Murtlach—Growth of the Danish Power—The 6 Danes aim at Subjugation of all Scotland—A Danish Fleet at the Red Head—Danish Ravages—The Scots Muster at Barry—Battle of Barry —Death of Camus—“Kingdom of Alban” dropped, and “Kingdom of Scotia” substituted—Last of Male Line of Fergus —Malcolm II. dies by the Dagger—The Laurel entwined with Cypress. CHAPTER XI.—124 DUNCAN AND MACBETH. This Era in itself trivial—Lighted up by a great Genius—Who was Macbeth? —His Genealogy and History, according to Scottish Chroniclers—According to the Orkneyinga Saga—Grandeur of Shakespeare’s Drama—We accept the Fiction of the Poet in place of the real History of the Time—Macbeth a good Ruler—His Gifts to the Culdees—Nevertheless Nemesis follows—Return of Malcolm, Son of Duncan—War for the Throne—Macbeth is slain—Malcolm ascends the Throne. CHAPTER XII.—133 MALCOLM CANMORE AND WILLIAM THE CONQUEROR. With Malcolm Canmore a new Age—Invaders in Frock and Cowl— Battle of Hastings—William of Normandy—England receives a New Master—War between Malcolm Canmore and William the Conqueror— William invades Scotland—William at Abernethy—Terrible Devastations—William fails to conquer Scotland—His Failure a Blessing to both Countries. 7 CHAPTER XIII.—140 QUEEN MARGARET —CONFERENCE WITH CULDEE PASTORS. A Royal Closet—Malcolm’s Tower at Dunfermline—Arrival of Edgar Aetheling and his Sister Margaret at Queensferry—Character of Margaret’s piety —Her Fastings, Charities, and Religious Acts—Her Church Reforms —Conference with Culdee Pastors—Bishop Turgot— Scottish Church of Eleventh Century, Anti-Papal—Points debated in the Conference: Ist, Uniformity of Rite—2nd, The Lenten Fast—3rd, The Lord’s Day—4th, The Question of Marriage—5th, The Question of the Eucharis—Culdee “Lord’s Supper—Irish Culdees and the Supper”—The “Hour of Temptation to Scotland.” CHAPTER XIV.—154 GLIMPSES OF THE COLUMBAN CHURCH IN THE MIDDLE AGES —EASTER CONTROVERSY —FALL OF IONA. Continuity of Columban Church—Glimpses of it in Middle Ages—Its Golden Age—Its first Ebb—Marked Decadence in Eighth Century— Expulsion of Columbite Clergy from Pictish Territory—An Eighth Century Exodus —Persecutions and Sufferings of the Exiles—War follows between Pict and Scot—The Easter Controversy—Difference between the Eastern and Western Observance of Easter—Council of Nicea—The Moons do not revolve in accordance with the Council’s Decree—The Nineteen Years’ Cycle—The “Elders rebel against the Easter Decree—In 717 Iona submits—The Material Iona falls, the Spiritual Iona flourishes—Monastery burned and Monks slain. CHAPTER XV.—165 TRANSLATIONS OF THE CHAIR OF COLUMBA —THE ONE BISHOP OF ALBAN—A GREAT TEMPEST IN WHICH SCOTLAND DOES NOT SINK. 8 Service rendered by Sword of Dane—Continued Organisation and Vigour of Columban Church—Proofs furnished by Rome herself— Roman Synods at Chalons-sur-Soane and Celcyth—Translations of Columba’s Chair to Dunkeld, Abernethy, St. Andrews—Boundaries of Alban in Tenth Century —Wreck of Kingdoms and Peoples—Scotland escapes. CHAPTER XVI.—172 EPOCHS OF REVIVAL IN COLUMBAN CHURCH. Alban’s one Bishop—Who consecrated Cellach?—Rome includes Bishop and Presbyter in the same Order of Clergy—Re-establishment of Columban Clergy in East of Scotland—Enlargement of Liberties of Scottish Church—Synod of Mote Hill—The Columban Church comes again into view in Queen Margaret’s Days—Her success with the Scots small—They are still outside the Pope’s Church.