This article was downloaded by: 10.3.98.104 On: 02 Oct 2021 Access details: subscription number Publisher: CRC Press Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: 5 Howick Place, London SW1P 1WG, UK Handbook of Magnetic Measurements S. Tumanski Magnetic Materials Publication details https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.1201/b10979-4 S. Tumanski Published online on: 23 Jun 2011 How to cite :- S. Tumanski. 23 Jun 2011, Magnetic Materials from: Handbook of Magnetic Measurements CRC Press Accessed on: 02 Oct 2021 https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.1201/b10979-4 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR DOCUMENT Full terms and conditions of use: https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/legal-notices/terms This Document PDF may be used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproductions, re-distribution, re-selling, loan or sub-licensing, systematic supply or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The publisher shall not be liable for an loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material. 3 Magnetic Materials presents.a.comparison.of.the.main.parameters.of.typical. 3.1 Soft Magnetic Materials: soft.magnetic.materials.including.their.cost. It.would.be.nice.to.be.able.to.find.the.soft.magnetic. General Information material.with.all.excellent.properties.(high.saturation. 3.1.1 Properties and Classification polarization,.small.losses,.small.coercivity,.small.mag- netostriction,.good.mechanical.properties,.etc.).even.at. Commonly,. ferromagnetic. or. ferrimagnetic. materials. much.higher.price..But.such.material.simply.does.not. are. considered. as. magnetic. materials. although. other. exist..We.have.to.accept.always.some.compromises— materials.(diamagnetic.and.paramagnetic).also.exhibit. high.permeability.at.the.cost.of.saturation.polarization. some.magnetic.properties,.as.discussed.earlier..The.mag- (Figure.3.3),.small.power.loss.at.the.cost.of.saturation. netic.materials.can.be.further.classified.into.two.clearly. polarization,. better. magnetic. parameters. at. the. cost. separate. categories:. soft. magnetic. materials. and. hard. of. mechanical. properties,. etc.. Fortunately,. there. is. a. magnetic.materials..Coercivity.is.assumed.as.the.main. plethora. of. various. magnetic. materials. and. appro- criterion,.and.IEC.Standard.404-1.recommends.the.coer- priate. technology. often. helps. to. find. desirable. mate- civity.of.1000.A/m.as.a.value.to.distinguish.both.groups.. rial.(Fish.1990,.Moses.1990,.1992,.2003,.Pfützner.1992,. This.border.is.rather.symbolic.because.both.classes.are. Arai. and. Ishiyama. 1994,. McCurrie. 1994,. Kronmüller. completely.different..From.soft.magnetic.materials,.we. 1995,.Stodolny.1995,.Fiorillo.1996,.Schneider.et.al..1998,. require.the.coercivity.to.be.as.small.as.possible.(usually. Goldman. 1999,. O’Handley. 2000,. Beckley. 2000,. 2002,. much.less.than.100.A/m).while.hard.magnetic.materials. Geoffroy. and. Porteseil. 2005,. Peuzin. 2005,. Degauque. should.have.coercivity.as.high.as.possible.(commonly. et. al.. 2006,. De. Wulf. 2006,. Lebourgeois. and. Guyot. above. 100,000.A/m).. There. is. also. a. subclass. of. hard. 2006,. Waecklerle. 2006,. Waeckerle. and. Alves. 2006a,b,. magnetic. materials. called. semi-hard. magnetic. materi- Kazimierczuk.2009). als. (with. coercivity. between. 1,000. and. 100,000.A/m).. Taking. into. account. the. main. applications. of. soft. Figure 3.1. presents. magnetic. materials. taking. into. magnetic.materials,.it.should.be.noted.that.this.situation. account. their. coercivity. available. Vacuumschemlze. continues. to. change. and. develop.. For. example,. it. was. who.is.one.of.the.main.manufacturers. traditionally.assumed.that.the.main.area.of.application. Soft. magnetic. materials. cover. huge. market. of. vari- of.silicon.steel.is.electric.power.industry..But.recently,. 6 ous. products:. about. 7.×.10 . tons. annually. and. about. more. and. more. power. electric. and. power. electronics. 10 10 . Euro. (Moses. 2003).. We. can. divide. these. products. devices. use. higher. frequency. signals,. up. to. MHz.. In. taking.onto.account.their.magnetic.performance,.appli- high. frequency. range,. electrical. steel. exhibits. prohibi- cations,.cost,.and.other.properties..For.example,.grain- tively. high. power. loss. and. should. be. substituted. by. oriented.silicon.steel.is.mechanically.much.harder.than. nanocrystalline.and.even.ferrite.materials.(Figure 3.4).. the. nonoriented,. so. the. same. punching. die. will. wear. Consequently,. in. such. applications,. other. accompa- off.after.producing.smaller.quantity.of.elements..Even. nying. devices,. for. example,. measuring. transformers,. in.the.case.of.SiFe.electrical.steel,.the.best.grade.can.be. should.be.also.made.from.high-frequency.materials..In. 10.times.more.expensive.than.ordinary.grades.of.steel.. turn,.the.progress.in.nanocrystalline/amorphous.mate- And.between.cheep.ferrites.and.high-quality.soft.mag- rials.resulted.in.development.of.new.classical.electrical. netic. materials,. these. differences. in. cost. can. be. much. steel.(e.g.,.thinner.gauge.of.even.0.15.mm). larger. Taking.into.account.the.importance.of.various.groups. Therefore,.selection.of.appropriate.kind.and.quality.of. of. soft. magnetic. materials,. it. should. be. noted. that. material.for.a.given.application.is.an.important.knowl- almost.80%.of.the.market.is.occupied.by.SiFe.electrical. edge.. For. example,. the. best. quality. steel. after. prepa- steel.(Figure.3.5)..With.ferrites.and.permalloys.(NIFe),.it. ration. of. the. product. can. be. much. more. deteriorated. is.more.than.95%.and.we.can.see.that.other.materials,. than. cheaper. material. that. after. the. same. technology. including.amorphous.and.nanocrystalline.are.marginal. can. exhibit. better. performance. (Schneider. et. al.. 1998,. in.value. Schoppa.et.al..2000,.Wilczynski.et.al..2004)..Figure.3.2. 117 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 08:59 02 Oct 2021; For: 9781439829523, chapter3, 10.1201/b10979-4 118 Handbook of Magnetic Measurements CoFe Soft Semi hard Hard 2.5 SiFe CoFe 2 Fe-based Nano Fe, SiFe 2.0 amorphous CoFeNi NiFe CoFeV Co-based 1.5 1 Saturation (T) amorphous FeCrCo CrCo steel MnZn ferrite Nanocrystalline NdFeB NiFe 1.0 Saturation polarization (T) NiFe 80 Ni SmCo 103 104 105 0.5 Soft ferrites AlNiCo Amorphous Permeability PtCo FIGURE 3.3 Comparison. of. the. permeability. and. coercivity. of. the. typical. soft. 1 10 100 1k 10 k 100 k 1000 k magnetic.materials..(After.Moses,.A.J.,.Przegl. Elektr.,.79,.457,.2003.) Coercivity (A/m) F IGURE 3.1 100 Ranges.of.commercially.available.magnetic.materials.(as.an.example. 60% NiFe of.products.offered.by.Vacuumschmelze). MnZn ferrite 10 Amorphous CoSiB 2 1 SiFe Hysteresis loss (W/kg) Amorphous Nanocrystalline and nano f (kHz) 1.5 0.1 Iron 10 20 50 100 F IGURE 3.4 1 Cost Hysteresis.power.loss.versus.frequency.of.high-frequency.materials.. (From.Kolano,.R..and.Kolano-Burian,.A.,.Przegl. Elektr.,.78,.241,.2002.) Saturation (T) NiFe If. a. material. is. used. for. magnetic. shielding,. then. its. 0.5 losses.are.not.as.important.as.the.permeability,.and.hence. Soft ferrites amorphous. materials. or. permalloy. is. advisable.. In. the. case.of.high-frequency.applications,.apart.from.the.losses,. Coercivity (A/m) deterioration. of. magnetic. properties. (e.g.,. permeability). 1 10 100 with.frequency.is.important,.so.from.Table.3.1.we.can.see. that,.in.this.case,.the.materials.would.be.ordered.as.fol- FIGURE 3.2 lows:.SiFe,.NiFe,.amorphous/nanocrystalline,.MnZn.fer- Comparison.of.the.coercivity,.saturation,.and.cost.of.typical.soft.mag- netic.materials. rite,.NiZn.ferrite.(and.in.microwave.range,.garnets). Especially. important. are. the. CoFe. alloys. because. they.exhibit.high.saturation.polarization.with.the.high- Depending. on. application,. various. properties. are. est.known.value.of.2.46.T..Table.3.2.presents.the.typical. required..In.the.case.of.electric.power.devices.(power. applications.of.soft.magnetic.materials. and. distribution. transformers,. electric. machines),. the. Figure.3.6.presents.a.diversity.of.soft.magnetic.mate- most. important. factors. are. low. power. loss. and. high. rials. currently. available. commercially.. The. properties. saturation. polarization.. If. we. would. like. to. choose. of.such.materials.will.discussed.in.more.detail.in.the. only. between. silicon. steel. and. amorphous. materials. f.ollowing.sections. (neglecting.other.factors),.we.arrive.at.a.contradiction—. amorphous. materials. exhibit. smaller. power. loss. but. 3.1.2 Pure Iron also. significantly. smaller. saturation. polarization. and. vice.versa..Table.3.1.presents.the.comparison.of.param- Pure. iron. has. excellent. magnetic. properties:. large. eters.for.the.main.soft.magnetic.materials. s. aturation. polarization. JS. ,=.2.15.T . low. coercivity. Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 08:59 02 Oct 2021; For: 9781439829523, chapter3, 10.1201/b10979-4 Magnetic Materials 119 NO SiFe Ferrites 53% 7.5% Rest NiFe 17% Other 5% Amorph 0.5% Powder 1.5% GO SiFe 2.5% 30% F IGURE 3.5 Annual.value.of.world.production.of.soft.magnetic.materials..(After.Schneider,.J..et.al.,.J. Phys.,.8,.Pr2-755,.1998.) TABLE 3.1 Comparison.of.Parameters.for.the.Main.Soft.Magnetic.Materials Parameter 3% SiFe GO FeSiB Metglas Ni80Fe20 Permalloy Co50Fe50 Permendur MnZn Ferrite Bs.(T) 2.03 1.56 0.82 2.46 0.2–0.5 Hc.(A/m) 4–15 0.5–2 0.4–2 160 20–80 P1.5.T/50.Hz.(W/kg) 0.83 0.27 1 P1.T/1.kHz.(W/kg) 20 5 10 20 μmax.×.1000 20–80 100–500 100–1,000 2–6 3–6 Frequency.range.(kHz) 3 250 20 up.to.1.kHz 2,000.NiZn—100,000 TABLE 3.2 Typical.Applications.of.the.Main.Soft.Magnetic.Materials Electrical Fe-Based Application Steel Amorphous Powder CoFe Ferrite Power.transformers Distribution.transformers Lamp.ballasts Induction.motors Generators Reactors Other.motors Special.transformers Chokes Power.electronics Instrumentation Pulsed.power Shielding Source:.