On behalf of the European Commission DG Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion Social Impact of Emigration and Rural-Urban Migration in Central and Eastern Europe Final Country Report Bosnia and Herzegovina April 2012 Authors: Zehra Kačapor-Džihić Nermin Oruč Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission may be held responsible for the use that may be made of the information contained in this publication. Social Impact of Emigration and Rural-Urban Migration in Central and Eastern Europe VT/2010/001 Table of Contents Acronyms ............................................................................................................................. 4 1. Socio-Economic and Political Overview ..................................................................... 5 2. Main emigration and internal migration trends and patterns ....................................... 6 2.1. Main emigration trends ............................................................................................ 6 2.1.1. Conflict-induced emigration in the period 1992-1995 ........................................... 7 2.1.2. Post-war return migration ..................................................................................... 7 2.1.3. Voluntary migration of the 21st Century ................................................................ 7 2.1.4. Data on the stock of migrants and main destinations ........................................... 8 2.2. Main internal migration trends................................................................................. 8 2.2.1. War related internal displacement and return ....................................................... 9 2.3. Main characteristics of migrants ........................................................................... 10 2.3.1. International migrants ........................................................................................ 10 2.3.2. Internal migrants ................................................................................................ 10 3. Nation-wide labour market and social development trends under the influence of emigration .......................................................................................................................... 11 3.1. Economic and labour market developments ........................................................ 11 3.2. Social security ........................................................................................................ 13 3.3. Poverty and Social Exclusion ................................................................................ 14 3.3.1. Poverty and social exclusion of (potential) migrant populations ......................... 14 3.3.2. Remittances ....................................................................................................... 15 4. Labour market and social development trends in net migration loss / gain regions 16 4.1. Identification of net migration loss / gain regions ................................................ 16 4.2. Labour market development in net migration loss / gain regions ...................... 17 4.3. Poverty and social exclusion in net migration loss / gain regions ..................... 19 5. Impact of migration on vulnerable groups ............................................................... 20 5.1. Refugees ................................................................................................................. 20 5.2. Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) ...................................................................... 21 5.3. Women .................................................................................................................... 21 5.3.1. Women IDPs...................................................................................................... 21 5.3.2. Women migrants ................................................................................................ 22 5.4. Returnees ................................................................................................................ 22 5.5. Children ................................................................................................................... 24 5.6. Elderly ..................................................................................................................... 24 5.7. Roma ....................................................................................................................... 25 6. Policy responses ........................................................................................................... 26 6.1. Encouragement of circular migration ................................................................... 26 6.2. Reintegration of IDPs and refugees (including forced returnees)....................... 27 6.2.1. Response of the BIH government: institutional and policy framework ................ 27 6.2.2. Donor support to return and reintegration of refugees and IDPs ........................ 29 6.3. Development of net migration loss/gain regions ................................................. 29 6.4. Support to vulnerable groups related to migration .............................................. 30 6.5. Best practice examples of policy responses ........................................................ 31 7. Key challenges and policy suggestions ...................................................................... 32 Final Country Report Bosnia and Herzegovina 2 Social Impact of Emigration and Rural-Urban Migration in Central and Eastern Europe VT/2010/001 7.1. Key challenges ....................................................................................................... 32 7.2. Policies to be taken by different actors ................................................................ 33 7.2.1. Migration related policies to be taken by different actors .................................... 33 7.2.2. Policies regarding social impact of migration to be taken by different actors ...... 34 References ......................................................................................................................... 36 List of annexes .................................................................................................................. 42 Annex 1: Bosnia and Herzegovina – statistics ................................................................ 44 Annex 2. International migration from BiH ...................................................................... 48 Annex 3. Internal migration in BiH ................................................................................... 53 Annex 4. Remittances ....................................................................................................... 57 Annex 5. Regional analysis of migration in Bosnia and Herzegovina ........................... 59 Annex 6. Acquisition of human capital abroad, based on the BiH Survey on Migration and Remittances ................................................................................................................ 62 Annex 7. BiH institutional and legal setting relevant for migration ............................... 66 Annex 7a. Social security of migrant workers from Bosnia in Republic of Slovenia 72 Annex 7b: Policy and institutional framework for refugees and returnees and migration in Bosnia and Herzegovina .......................................................................... 73 Annex 8. EU Allocations for democratic stabilisation (within which the return process is funded) ........................................................................................................................... 75 Annex 9. Information about the interviews ...................................................................... 76 Final Country Report Bosnia and Herzegovina 3 Social Impact of Emigration and Rural-Urban Migration in Central and Eastern Europe VT/2010/001 Acronyms BAM – Bosnian Mark BIH – Bosnia and Herzegovina BHAS – BiH Agency of Statistics CCI – Centre for Civic Initiatives CISO – Centre for Information, Counselling and Training DEP – Directorate of Economic Planning DIOC-E – Database on immigrants in OECD and non-OECD countries DPA – Dayton Peace Agreement ERRC – European Roma Rights Centre EC – European Commission EU – European Union FBIH – Federation BIH GDP – Gross Domestic Product IASCI – International Agency for Source Country Information IDDEA – Agency for Identification Documents, Registers and Data Exchange IDP – Internally Displaced Persons IMF – International Monetary Fund IOM – International Organisation of Migration LFS – Labour Force Survey LSMS – Living Standard Measurement Survey MDG – Millennium Development Goal MIPD – Multi-Indicative Planning Document MHRR – Ministry of Human Rights and Refugees MoU – Memorandum of Understanding NHDR – National Human Development Report OECD – Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development OHR – Office of the High Representative PES – Public Employment Services RS – Republika Srpska SAP – Stabilisation and Association Process SEE – South East Europe UNDP – United Nations Development Fund UNECE – United Nations Economic Commission UNHCR – United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees USA – United States of America WDI – World Development Indicators Final Country Report Bosnia and Herzegovina 4 Social Impact of Emigration and Rural-Urban Migration in Central and Eastern Europe VT/2010/001 1. Socio-Economic and Political Overview Bosnia and Herzegovina (hereinafter: BIH) was one