New model of unification of active galaxies, and the different steps of their formation Melati Rabia To cite this version: Melati Rabia. New model of unification of active galaxies, and the different steps of their formation. 2020. hal-02950036 HAL Id: hal-02950036 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02950036 Preprint submitted on 27 Oct 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. New model of unification of active galaxies, and the different steps of their formation MELATI Rabia Department of Physics, Faculty of Exact Sciences and Computer, University of Mostaganem UMAB. Laboratory LEPA University of Sciences and Technology of Oran USTO. E-mail : [email protected], [email protected] Abstract: Given the vastness of the universe, knowing its structure is not easy with the scientific means that we have today. However, these scientific means allowed us to study and know the structure and functioning of the closest objects, such as stars, planets and some galaxies of the local group. In this work, we are going to make a comparative study which will allow us to use the knowledge collected on stars, to discover the structure and the functioning of active galaxies.The different images provided by high resolution telescopes and radio telescopes show a great similarity between stars and active galaxies. In this paper, we highlight the different points in common between these two objects. The common points are highlighted by a comparison between: the Radio galaxies and stars of the main sequence, quasars and the T Tauri stars, Blasars and the neutron stars, Dust-Obscured Galaxies and the proto stars, "HFLS3 galaxy" and the red giant. Basing on the results of this comparison we propose a new model of unification of active galaxies. This new unification depends on the age of the active galaxies and not on their viewing angle. These results also show, the important role of active galaxies in galactic clusters. In a second part of this article, following the obtained results, we present the different stages of formation of active galaxies . Keywords: Radio galaxy; Quasar; BL Lacertae, DOGs galaxy; Galaxy evolution, galaxy formation. 1 1. INTRODUCTION The classification of galaxies, their distribution in the universe and their motions, provide very important information that helps us to understand extragalactic astronomy. In this research, we are interested at the galaxies with active nuclei: blazars, quasars, radio galaxies and other. The current Unified Model, generally accepted by the scientific community, supposes that all galaxies with active nuclei, are in fact the same kind of galaxy, but viewed from different angles (Figure 1). Fig.1. Model of active galaxies unification according to viewing angle. By studying the images provided by the different space telescopes and the different observatories, and referring to the literature, we present in this paper a new model unification of active galaxies, unification according to their ages and not to their viewing angle. We propose also, a new model of active galaxies formation showing the different phases through which pass an active galaxy from its birth, to the end of its life. This new unified model is based on the comparison of morphologies and characteristics of different objects in the universe, according to two different scales: the intra-galactic scale and the extragalactic scale. This new unification model explains many mysteries of the observed universe and gives answers to several phenomena, to which science has not yet found an explanation. 2.PRESENTATION AND COMPARISON OF SOME STRUCTURE OF THE UNIVERSE We start our comparison with a very special case: the comparison between a star of the main sequence: our Sun for example which reveals many informations compared to the most distant stars, and the nearest radio galaxy located at the extragalactic space: the giant elliptical galaxy Messier 87. M87 reveals more information compared to the most distant elliptical giants. Then we compare T Tauri stars, which are very young stars of intra-galactic space, and the quasars which are very young objects of the extragalactic space, blazars are compared to neutron stars… and so on. After this comparison, we present our new model of unification of active galaxies and the different phases of their formation. 2.1. Presentation of radio galaxies Radio galaxies are active elliptical galaxies, they can reach ten thousand billion solar masses. They are not the dominant type of galaxies in the universe. They are found close to the centers of galaxy clusters, and, dominate the galaxy clusters by their attraction. The images of radio galaxies obtained using high-resolution radio telescopes often show a jet of material ejected directly from the nucleus and 2 ending in lobes. Those lobes are generally ten times greater than the galaxy itself and can sometimes reach several million light years (Esslinger, 2019). Although there are some exceptions, the general characteristics of radio galaxies are: 1- Radio galaxies contain a supermassive black holes with a very strong gravitational field. 2- In their nuclei, the motion of stars is random, unlike spiral galaxies, where all the stars follow the rotational motion of the galaxy. 3- The radio galaxies rotate on themselves. 2.1.1. Comparison between the Sun and the radio galaxy M 87 The different images provided by high resolution telescopes and radio telescopes show a great similarity between the radio galaxy Messier 87 and the Sun. Table 1 shows the different points in common between these two objects. Table 1: Similarities between the Sun and M87 radio galaxy. THE SUN THE RADIO GALAXY MESSIER 87 1-a) The Sun is a star among the billions of stars 1-b) M87 is one of the elliptical galaxies of the in the Milky Way, it occupies the center of the Virgo cluster which is part of the Virgo super solar system composed of several celestial cluster. The Virgo cluster has approximately objects (planets of different sizes, planetary 2000 galaxies (Côté et al., 2004; Baes et al., satellites, a thousands of asteroids, comets, 2010), it is an irregular aggregate of at least three interplanetary dust, etc.), we can therefore say subgroups centered on the three large galaxies that the Sun is at the center of a cluster of M87, M86 and M49. The most important celestial objects. subgroup is centered around M87 (Virgo A). So we conclude that Messier 87 is located at the center of a subgroup of galaxies. 2-a) The Sun is the brightest object in the 2-b) Messier M87 is the largest and brightest solar system and the most dominant in mass, galaxy in Virgo cluster (Binggeli et al., 1987; alone accounting for about 99.854% of the mass Bird et al., 2010), and in terms of mass, it is a of the Solar System. The Sun is supergiant, dominant member of the cluster (Doherty et compared to planets and celestial objects that al., 2009). Being classified as a galaxy of type surround it. cD, M87 is a supergiant galaxy (Dalia, 2007; Kundu et al., 2001) compared to the other galaxies of its subgroup. 3-a) The Sun is in permanent differential 3-b) Different research teams, work on the rotation, This differential rotation is caused by a kinetics of galaxies, but until now, apart from the convective movement due to the transport of rotation of galaxies around their axes, there are heat. the Sun orbits around the galactic center no results that define the exact trajectories of the accompanied by the solar system. A general galaxies. In the reference (Doherty et al., 2009), overview shows that the Sun does not move Michelle Doherty shows that the radio galaxy much relative to the other members of the M87 seems to move very little relative to the solar system. other members of the Virgo cluster and of its subgroup. 3 4-a) The Sun's core, extends from the center to 4-b) The size of an active galaxy's nucleus (as about 0.25 solar radius (Garcia et al., 2007) and Messier 87) is estimated to be a fraction of generates 99% of the nuclear fusion power light-year. The nucleus is tiny in relation to the releasing a great quantity of energy. The core is size of an active galaxy (Esslinger, 2019). In the tiny compared to the size of the sun nuclei of active galaxies a great quantity of energy is produced (Esslinger, 2019; Gebhardt et al., 2011). 5-b) The Sun has a spherical shape and its 5-b) Forming around one sixth of M87's mass, density decreases by going from the nucleus to the stars in this galaxy have a nearly spherically the surface. symmetric distribution. The population density of stars decreases with increasing distance from the nucleus (Wikipedia, 2020a). 6-a) The Sun is surrounded by an aura of hot 6-b) M87 is surrounded by an extended plasma with very low density, named corona. corona with hot, low-density gas (Harris et al., The Sun's corona extends over nearly ten million 1998) M87's galactic envelope extends out to a kilometers (about 70 times the radius of the Sun). radius of about 490000 light years (Wikipedia, During a total solar eclipse ( or by using a 2020a) figure 2 shows Messier 87 surrounded by coronograph), it appears around the black lunar a hot gas.