This document is downloaded from DR‑NTU (https://dr.ntu.edu.sg) Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. Gameplay preferences : a mechanics driven approach to understanding the processes behind game preference formation Tan, Ryan Rui Yang 2018 Tan, R. R. Y. (2018). Gameplay preferences : a mechanics driven approach to understanding the processes behind game preference formation. Master's thesis, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. http://hdl.handle.net/10356/75913 https://doi.org/10.32657/10356/75913 Nanyang Technological University Downloaded on 27 Sep 2021 19:00:58 SGT Running Head: GAME MECHANICS & EXPERIENCES Title Page GAMEPLAY PREFERENCES: A MECHANICS DRIVEN APPROACH TO UNDERSTANDING THE PROCESSES BEHIND GAME PREFERENCE FORMATION Ryan Tan Rui Yang Wee Kim Wee School of Communication & Information A thesis submitted to the Nanyang Technological University in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Masters of Communications Studies 2017 GAME MECHANICS & EXPERIENCES 2 Abstract Existing studies on video gaming experiences often highlight psychological constructs of gameplay or explore motivations for general videogame play behaviour. However, these studies do not adequately explain the processes that underlie subjective gaming experiences; in particular, the preferred gaming experiences that individual players seek. Past literature also often treats game mechanics as a marginal component that contributes to videogame experience rather than a necessary facilitator. Game mechanics are an integral enabler of gaming experiences, without which players would not be able to interact with. Gamers construct their subjective conceptualizations of what a preferred gameplay experience entails by engaging with various game components and the mechanics that facilitate them. This process is often subconscious or unknown to players and is understudied in present literature. By investigating both the conceptualizations and engagement of preferred gameplay experiences, as well as the types of game mechanics that facilitate them, this study will further our understanding of how and why videogame players play specific games and develop preferences for one over the other. This study also introduces the use of input- data tracking alongside more traditional qualitative methods to more holistically examine the gameplay process. Thematic analysis will be employed to help identify important factors of preferred gameplay experiences, the mechanics that facilitate these experiences; as well as the relationships between these experiences and players’ videogame play preferences. Keywords: game preferences, videogame, game mechanics, gameplay experience GAME MECHANICS & EXPERIENCES 3 GAME MECHANICS & EXPERIENCES 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am deeply grateful to my supervisor – Dr. Vivian Chen, who has helped streamline my thought processes, disciplined my writing, and encouraged my academic endeavours, as overly-convoluted as they may be. It has been a privilege and a pleasure to have had you as my supervisor. I would also like to thank Dr. Liew Kai Khiun for introducing me to Dr. Vivian, for encouraging me to pursue a career in Academia, and for the support and affirmation that I am on the right track. I also owe a debt of gratitude to Dr. Joseph Walther. Joe, thank you so much for your Philosophy of Research class. It was a harrowing experience but it serves as the basis for my approach and interest in research. Thank you for taking the time to be a friend. To my friends and colleagues—Jeremy and Kat – my games research senpais; Cliff and Jody – my hobo office buds; ZJ – my fellow hobbit researcher; and to everyone else inhabiting the 5th floor offices—thank you! Many of you have lent me your companionship, advice, and stationery, and all of you have played a part in making my journey enjoyable and fruitful. To Eunice, thank you for being with me every step of this journey. Thank you for lending me your keen editorial eye and for being so willing to play and discuss games with me despite it not being your preferred experience. You are a constant source of inspiration for me and your academic discipline and excellence motivates me to be better. Finally, to my family: Gloria, Mum and Dad. For providing me with your endless support and putting up with my long stressed induced baths; for trying to keep me alive when I am holed up in my room working on some last minute assignment – I am profoundly grateful. My academic journey would not have been possible without you. GAME MECHANICS & EXPERIENCES 5 GAME MECHANICS & EXPERIENCES 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ……………………………………………………………………………... 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ………………………………...………………………….. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS …………………………………………...………………….. 6 LIST OF FIGURES ………………………………………………………………….…. 8 CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION …………………………………………..……. 9 CHAPTER TWO GAMEPLAY EXPERIENCE REVIEW ……………...………… 11 The Player’s Experiential Processes ……………………………………...…… 12 Video Gameplay Dimensions ………………………………………………….... 14 CHAPTER THREE GAMEPLAY PREFERENCE REVIEW …………………..... 19 Player Experiences (1.1) – The Importance of Prior Experience …….................. 20 Brief Note on Preference vs Enjoyment (1.2)…………………………………… 21 Player Experience Preferences (2.1) – Current Literature……………………….. 22 Player Experience Preferences (2.2) – Subjective Motivations for Play and Preference………………………………………………………………………… 24 CHAPTER FOUR RECONCEPTUALIZING EXPERIENCE…..………………… 27 Duality of Gameplay Experience………………………………………………… 27 The Embodied Virtual Experience ………….………………………………........ 28 The Virtual Embodiment Process – Convergence, Presence, Agency ….....……. 29 CHAPTER FIVE CONCEPTUALIZING GAME MECHANICS …………..……… 37 Current State ….……………………………………………………...………….. 38 Understanding Game Mechanics …………………………………….…….……. 42 Towards a Model of Game Mechanics …………………………………...……... 47 A Conceptual Map of Gameplay Experience ………………….………..………. 56 CHAPTER SIX THE PRESENT STUDY ….………………………………...….…... 58 GAME MECHANICS & EXPERIENCES 7 CHAPTER SEVEN METHOD……………………………………………………... 59 Data Gathering Methods……………………………………………...………….. 60 Data Analysis ……………………………………………………………...…….. 66 CHAPTER EIGHT DATA ANALYSIS & RESULTS …..………………...……… 67 Constructing a Preferred Gameplay Experience…………………………………. 68 Evaluating Preferable Gameplay Components………………………………...… 85 Factors Influencing Player Perception of their Preferred Gameplay Experience... 93 Patterned Engagement with Mechanics during Preferred Gameplay Experiences 97 CHAPTER NINE DISCUSSION …………………………………………………. 103 CHAPTER TEN CONCLUSION & LIMITATIONS …………………………. 112 APPENDICES …………………………………...……………………………………… 116 REFERENCES ………………………………………………………………………….. 124 GAME MECHANICS & EXPERIENCES 8 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 Gameplay Model of Embodied Virtual Experiences ………………............ 50 Figure 2 Whatpulse Heatmap and Keylist ……………………..……………………...…. 56 Figure 3 Iographica – 1 Hour of gameplay in ‘Don’t Starve’…………………………. 57 Figure 4 The Division (Left), StardewValley (Middle), Don’t Starve (Right)……...… 73 Figure 5 Mouse tracking data overlaid with game screenshot………………………… 89 Figure 6 LC mouse tracking data………………………………………………………….. 91 Figure 7 SK mouse tracking data………………………………………………………….. 91 Figure 8 Dota2 gameplay screenshot……………………………………………………… 92 Figure 9 Keyboard tracking data – LC (Top), SK (Bottom)……………………………. 93 Figure 10 Conceptual Model of Gameplay Preference 97 Figure 11 Skyrim Mouse Tracking Data 104 GAME MECHANICS & EXPERIENCES 9 CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Ever since the emergence of video games in the 1980s, scholars have been interested in understanding the processes behind why people play videogames and what happens during gameplay experiences. With more than two billion videogame players in 2016 (Newzoo, 2016) and more than 450 million different games played on Steam (a game publishing platform) alone (Orland, 2014), video gaming has become a huge industry and an immensely popular pastime for many individuals. Players across increasingly broad demographics enjoy videogames, with 40% of all adults playing videogames, the average player age of 33 in the United States (Williams, Yee, Caplan, 2008), and with females comprising 40% of all players (Williams, Consalvo, Caplan, & Yee, 2009). In addition, while many people may play the same or similar games or game types, each videogame creates different experiences for each player (Sherry et al., 2006; Apperley, 2006; Bartle, 1996). Furthermore, there is a huge pool of different video game titles for players to choose from. For example on Steam, a video game publishing platform, players have access to more than 450 million different games, which can be bought or played free of charge. With the diversity of individuals engaging in videogame play (Oliver et al., 2016; Williams, Yee, & Caplan, 2008; Sherry et al., 2006) and the vast range of games available, it is important that game studies attempt to account for the dynamism and subjectivity of game experience preferences. A key concern for communications, media, and game scholars is the underlying process behind videogame players’ preference for certain types of media experiences. While current literature has had success in explaining and predicting general videogame play behaviour—such as the constituents of meaningful play GAME MECHANICS & EXPERIENCES 10 experiences (Oliver et al., 2016) or the intrinsic psychological needs fulfilled by video game play (Tamborini et al., 2010)—existing scholarship has only begun to scratch the surface of the processes behind subjective preference for different