Ontological Engineering Asunción Gómez-Pérez Mariano Fernández-López Oscar Corcho [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Grupo de Ontologías Laboratorio de Inteligencia Artificial Facultad de Informática Universidad Politécnica de Madrid Campus de Montegancedo sn, 28660 Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain Ontological Engineering 1 ©Asunción Gómez-Pérez, M. Fernández-López, O. Corcho Main References Gómez-Pérez, A.; Fernández-López, M.; Corcho, O. Ontological Engineering. Springer Verlag. 2003 http://www.ontoweb.org http://knowledgeweb.semanticweb.org Deliverables Research deliverables •D1.1 Industry deliverables •D1.2 •D1.3 •D1.4 •D1.5 Neches, R.; Fikes, R.; Finin, T.; Gruber, T.; Patil, R.; Senator, T.; Swartout, W.R. Enabling Technology for Knowledge Sharing. AI Magazine. Winter 1991. 36-56. Gruber, T. A translation Approach to portable ontology specifications. Knowledge Acquisition. Vol. 5. 1993. 199-220. Uschold, M.; Grüninger, M. ONTOLOGIES: Principles, Methods and Applications. Knowledge Engineering Review. Vol. 11; N. 2; June 1996. Ontological Engineering 2 ©Asunción Gómez-Pérez, M. Fernández-López, O. Corcho Acknowledgements • Asunción Gómez-Pérez and Mariano Fernández-López – Most of the slides have been done jointly with them • Alan Rector (University of Manchester) – Conclusion Ontological Engineering 3 ©Asunción Gómez-Pérez, M. Fernández-López, O. Corcho Table of Contents 1. What is an ontology? 1.1 The Role of Ontologies in the Semantic Web 1.2 Theoretical Foundations of Ontologies 2. How are ontologies built? Methods and methodologies 3. How are ontologies built? Ontology languages 4. How are ontologies built? Ontology Tools 5. Ontology-based Applications Ontological Engineering 4 ©Asunción Gómez-Pérez, M. Fernández-López, O. Corcho The Role of Ontologies in the Semantic Web Asunción Gómez-Pérez Mariano Fernández-López Oscar Corcho [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Grupo de Ontologías Laboratorio de Inteligencia Artificial Facultad de Informática Universidad Politécnica de Madrid Campus de Montegancedo sn, 28660 Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain Ontological Engineering 5 ©Asunción Gómez-Pérez, M. Fernández-López, O. Corcho The problem: Information overload on the Web 500 millons of users More than 3 billions of pages WWW Static URI, HTML, HTTP Ontological Engineering 6 ©Asunción Gómez-Pérez, M. Fernández-López, O. Corcho The current Web is based on HTML اﻻﺳﻢ: اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﻓىﻌﻠﻢ اﻟﺘﻄﻮ ر اﻟﻤﺆّﻟﻔﻮن : ﺁﺳﻨﺴﻴﻮن ﻏﻮﻣﺰـﺒﺮز اﻟﺴّﻌﺮ : $74.95 اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ : اﻟﻜﺘﺎب Arab اﻻﺳﻢ اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﻓىﻌﻠﻢ اﻟﺘﻄﻮ ر <b>: </b><BR> Japanese <b><BR/>اﻟﻤﺆّﻟﻔﻮن :<b> ﺁﺳﻨﺴﻴﻮن ﻏﻮﻣﺰـﺒﺮز <b><BR/>اﻟّﺴﻌﺮ :<b> $74.95 <b><BR/>اﻟﻜﺘﺎب :<b> اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ Skjøte: Ontological Ingeniørarbeid Title: Ontological Engineering Forfatter: Overtakelse Gómez-Pérez... Authors: Asunción Gómez-Pérez... Pris: 74.95€ Price: $74.95 Produkt: Bok Product: Book <b>Skjøte:</b> Ontological Ingeniørarbeid<BR> English <b>Title:</b> Ontological Engineering <BR> <b>Forfatter:</b> Overtakelse Gómez-Pérez... <BR> <b>Authors:</b> Asunción Gómez-Pérez...<BR> Norwegian <b>Pris:</b> 74.95€<BR> <b>Price:</b> $74.95<BR> <b>Produkt:</b> Bok<BR> <b>Product:</b> Book<BR> .- HTML is useful for browsing the information .- Content is language-dependent .- High cost for keeping the information up-to-date Ontological Engineering 7 ©Asunción Gómez-Pérez, M. Fernández-López, O. Corcho XML allows the creation of metada with “meaning” Title: Ontological Engineering اﻻﺳﻢ: اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﻓىﻌﻠﻢ اﻟﺘﻄﻮ ر ...Authors: Asunción Gómez-Pérez اﻟﻤﺆّﻟﻔﻮن : ﺁﺳﻨﺴﻴﻮن ﻏﻮﻣﺰـﺒﺮز Price: $74.95 اﻟﺴّﻌﺮ : $74.95 Product: Book اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ : اﻟﻜﺘﺎب Arab اﻻﺳﻢ اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﻓىﻌﻠﻢ اﻟﺘﻄﻮ ر اﻻﺳﻢ < > </ > English <Title>Ontological Engineering</Title> <Author>Asunción Gómez-Pérez...</Author> <اﻟﻤﺆﻟّﻔﻮن />ﺁﺳﻨﺴﻴﻮن ﻏﻮﻣﺰـﺒﺮز <اﻟﻤﺆّﻟﻔﻮن > <Price>$74.95</Price> <اﻟﺴّﻌﺮ />74.95$<اﻟّﺴﻌﺮ > <Product>Book</Product> <اﻟﻜﺘﺎب />اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ <اﻟﻜﺘﺎب > ¿What do the tags mean for the machine? Ontological Engineering 8 ©Asunción Gómez-Pérez, M. Fernández-López, O. Corcho The problem of choosing information .- Find the information .- Extract relevant information .- Interpretation by human users .- Sinthesis Ontological Engineering 9 ©Asunción Gómez-Pérez, M. Fernández-López, O. Corcho The problem of content agregation: From Madrid to Tokyo .- Content in different languages (Spanish, English, Japanese,...) .- Find out relevant information from heterogeneous sources .- Extract .- Interpretation .- Agregation .- Consistency of the information Ontological Engineering 10 ©Asunción Gómez-Pérez, M. Fernández-López, O. Corcho What was the Web intended to be? “... a goal of the Web was that, if the interaction between person and hypertext could be so intuitive that the machine-readable information space gave an accurate representation of the state of people's thoughts, interactions, and work patterns, then machine analysis could become a very powerful management tool, seeing patterns in our work and facilitating our working together through the typical problems which beset the management of large organizations.” [Berners-Lee 1996] Ontological Engineering 11 ©Asunción Gómez-Pérez, M. Fernández-López, O. Corcho Why not make the computers do the work? IBXX is a flight. Its departure place is Metadata Xxx is a Madrid and its arrival Integration place is Tokyo. hotel placed Madrid is an european Knowledge in Tokyo city. Tokyo is an Inference asian city. The new Herzt is a national theater rental car is a theater company with located in luxury cars in Tokyo.It has tokyo. peformances every Saturday. Ontological Engineering 12 ©Asunción Gómez-Pérez, M. Fernández-López, O. Corcho What is the Semantic Web? “The Semantic Web is an extension of the current Web in which information is given well-defined meaning, better enabling computers and people to work in cooperation. It is based on the idea of having data on the Web defined and linked such that it can be used for more effective discovery, automation, integration, and reuse across various applications.” Hendler, J., Berners-Lee, T., and Miller, E. Integrating Applications on the Semantic Web, 2002, http://www.w3.org/2002/07/swint.html Ontological Engineering 13 ©Asunción Gómez-Pérez, M. Fernández-López, O. Corcho Semantic Web Languages Dynamic WWW Semantic Web Static URI, HTML, HTTP RDF, RDFS, OWL Semantic richness Ontological Engineering 14 ©Asunción Gómez-Pérez, M. Fernández-López, O. Corcho Ontologies and Metadata Ontologies Person Belongs_To Organization xmlns:rdf='http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#' Has_contact_Person Subclass of Subclass of xmlns:NS0='http://www.esperonto.net/semanticportal/RDFS/Person_Ontology#' xmlns:NS1='http://www.esperonto.net/semanticportal/RDFS/Organization_Ontology#' Associate Prof. Partner Instance of Instance of <rdf:Description rdf:about='Asunción Gómez-Pérez'> <rdf:Description rdf:about='UPM'> Annotation <rdf:type rdf:resource=‘Associate Prof'/> <rdf:type rdf:resource='Partner'/> (RDF) <NS0:Full_Name>A. GomezPerez</NS0:Full_Name> <NS1:Acronym>UPM</NS1:Acronym> <NS0:Belongs_To>UPM</NS0: Belongs_To > <NS1:Has_Contact_Person>Asunción Gómez-Pérez <NS0:e-mail>[email protected]</NS0:e-mail> </NS1:Has_Contact_Person > Web Page URL http://www.esperonto.net http://www.esperonto.net Ontological Engineering 15 ©Asunción Gómez-Pérez, M. Fernández-López, O. Corcho Web Services Peer Web for information exchange between machines To describe control flows Terminological To register Services problems Service Access Interfaz Communication Protocol Web Services Dynamic Declaratively described Program Access Interfaces UDDI, WSDL, SOAP that are accessible through the Web WWW Semantic Web Static URI, HTML, HTTP RDF, RDFS, OWL Semantic richness Ontological Engineering 16 ©Asunción Gómez-Pérez, M. Fernández-López, O. Corcho The Semantic Web and the Semantic Web Services Web Services that describe their properties and capabilities using the vocabulary of an ontology, and they are expressed in some semantic markup language Web Services Dynamic Semantic Web Services UDDI, WSDL, SOAP WWW Semantic Web Static URI, HTML, HTTP RDF, RDFS, OWL Semantic richness Ontological Engineering 17 ©Asunción Gómez-Pérez, M. Fernández-López, O. Corcho Semantic Web Services Ontologies Process <owl:Class rdf:ID="CompositeProcess"> Subclass of Subclass of <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource="#Process"/> Subclass of <owl:disjointWith rdf:resource="#AtomicProcess"/> <owl:disjointWith rdf:resource="#SimpleProcess"/> ... Composite Simple Atomic Process Process Process Instance of OWL-S <process:CompositeProcess rdf:ID=“buyMovieTicket”> <process:composedOf> instances <process:Sequence> Instance of <process:components rdf:parseType="Collection"> <process:AtomicProcess rdf:resource=“#findCinema" /> <process:AtomicProcess rdf:resource="#checkTimeTable" /> <process:AtomicProcess rdf:resource="#selectSeat” /> <process:AtomicProcess red:resource=“#buyTicket” /> ... Knowledge level Ontological Engineering 18 ©Asunción Gómez-Pérez, M. Fernández-López, O. Corcho A Semantic Web Scenario Real World Users Companies Intelligent Agents Intelligent Agents Agente Agente Agente Agente Semantic Web Services Ontologies Metadata:Annotation Web Services Documents Emails On-line DB (Unknown schema) Applicationss Web Services Static Web Pages Current Web Restrcited web sites Dinamyc Web pages Ontological Engineering 19 ©Asunción Gómez-Pérez, M. Fernández-López, O. Corcho Ontological Engineering for the Semantic Web Applications Build Ontologies Methodologies and methods Tools Reasoners Languages Ontological Engineering 20 ©Asunción Gómez-Pérez, M. Fernández-López,