Fundamentals of Advanced Microgrid Design Coursebook for Advancing Caribbean Energy Resilience Workshop, May 2019 Sandia National Laboratories is a multimission laboratory managed and operated by National Technology & Engineering Solutions of Sandia, LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of Honeywell International Inc., for the U.S. Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-NA0003525. SAND2019-4545 O. This coursebook was developed by Sandia National Laboratories, operated for the United States Department of Energy by National Technology & Engineering Solutions of Sandia, LLC. NOTICE: This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. 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Box 62 Oak Ridge, TN 37831 Telephone: (865) 576-8401 Facsimile: (865) 576-5728 E-Mail: [email protected] Online ordering: http://www.osti.gov/scitech Available to the public from U.S. Department of Commerce National Technical Information Service 5301 Shawnee Rd Alexandria, VA 22312 Telephone: (800) 553-6847 Facsimile: (703) 605-6900 E-Mail: [email protected] Online order: https://classic.ntis.gov/help/order-methods/ i Coursebook Content Advanced Microgrid Design Overview ..................................................................................................... iii Introduction to Electric Power Systems and Energy Surety .............................................................. 1 1.1 Main Electric Grid ............................................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Energy Surety Attributes and Associated Metrics ............................................................................ 2 1.3 Grid Improvement Options to Address Energy Surety ..................................................................... 3 Introduction to Microgrids and Advanced Microgrids......................................................................... 5 2.1 Functional Categories of Microgrids ................................................................................................ 5 2.2 Microgrid Capabilities and Elements ................................................................................................ 6 2.3 Example Microgrid Sequence of Operation ...................................................................................... 8 Energy Surety Design Methodology and Microgrids ......................................................................... 13 3.1 Energy Surety Design Metrics for Microgrids ................................................................................ 13 3.2 Types of Energy Surety Design Analyses ....................................................................................... 14 3.3 Energy Surety Design Steps ............................................................................................................ 15 3.4 General Energy Surety Microgrid Design Phases ........................................................................... 16 3.5 Outcome of an Energy Surety Design ............................................................................................. 17 Defining Energy System Boundaries .................................................................................................. 18 4.1 Energy System Boundaries, Stakeholders ...................................................................................... 18 4.2 Module 4 Exercise .......................................................................................................................... 19 Prioritizing Critical Assets and Services ............................................................................................ 20 5.1 Community Energy and Infrastructure System Consideration Examples ....................................... 20 5.2 Community Energy and Infrastructure System Consideration Priorities ........................................ 21 5.3 Module 5 Exercise .......................................................................................................................... 22 Identification of Design Basis Threats ................................................................................................ 25 6.1 Example Design Basis Threats ....................................................................................................... 25 6.2 Ranking Design Basis Threats ........................................................................................................ 26 6.3 Module 6 Exercise .......................................................................................................................... 27 Performance Goals, Objectives, and Risk Analysis .......................................................................... 29 7.1 Performance Goal Considerations .................................................................................................. 29 7.2 Performance Risk Analysis ............................................................................................................. 30 7.3 Resilience Enhancements to Improve Performance ........................................................................ 31 7.4 Module 7 Exercise 1 ....................................................................................................................... 32 7.5 Module 7 Exercise 2 ....................................................................................................................... 33 7.6 Module 7 Exercise 3 ....................................................................................................................... 35 System Reliability and Availability ...................................................................................................... 36 8.1 Reliability ........................................................................................................................................ 36 8.2 Availability ..................................................................................................................................... 37 Formulating and Evaluating Design Options ..................................................................................... 40 9.1 Initial Design Phase ........................................................................................................................ 40 9.2 Final Design Phase .......................................................................................................................... 40 9.3 Microgrid Design Toolkit ............................................................................................................... 41 9.4 Load Estimation Techniques ........................................................................................................... 42 9.5 Cost Estimation ............................................................................................................................... 43 9.6 Module 9 Exercise .......................................................................................................................... 45 Appendix A – Distributed Energy Generation and Storage .................................................................. 48 Appendix B – Examples of Advanced Engineering Analysis ............................................................... 50 Glossary of Terms ..................................................................................................................................... 52 ii Advanced Microgrid Design Overview Our modern society is highly dependent on the electrical grid and major outages have severe consequences. A reliable source of power is especially important for campuses (including college campuses, business parks, etc.), military bases, and other areas with critical municipal functions (such as hospitals, police, and fire stations), where public safety may be compromised by a lack of electrical power. Although backup generation is common at critical facilities, failure of backup generation resources is quite common due to lack of maintenance or insufficient fuel supplies. Advanced microgrids can be an effective solution for power delivery to critical infrastructure. We consider a “microgrid” as an integrated energy system consisting of loads and generation operating as a coherent unit. Microgrids may operate either in parallel with, or islanded form the main electric grid, and may switch between these two