Journal of African-Centred Solutions in Peace and Security Vol. 2(II) November 2018 AfSol Journal Journal of African-Centred Solutions in Peace and Security Vol. 2(II) November 2018 Institute for Peace and Security Studies. November 2018. All rights reserved. Material in this publication may be freely quoted or reproduced provided that the Institute for Peace and Security Studies, Addis Ababa University, is acknowledged as the source. P.O. Box 1176 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia +251 1 11 245 660 [email protected] www.ipss-addis.org Contents About the AfSol Journal 7 Introduction 12 Acknowledging Conflict across Mali’s Centre: Drivers and History, 14 Yalla Sangaré & Jason J. McSparren Re-Invented Abroad: Agitation for Self- Determination by the Indigenous People of Biafra (Ipob) Movement in South-Eastern Nigeria, 39 Enemaku U. Idachaba and Tobechukwu J. Nneli A Critical Analysis of the Requirements for Full Operationalization of the African Standby Force: Lessons Learned from the Eastern Africa Standby 60 Force, Getahun S. Gesso Controlling Transnational Organized Crimes (TOCs) in Ethiopia: Issues, Challenges and Opportunities, 86 Biruk Paulos Policy Impacts on Africa’s Extractive Sector: Uganda, the Stagnation of Minerals, and the Promise of Oil, 112 Hany Besada Oil in the ‘Mix’ of Insurgency: Unmasking the Resurgence of Boko Haram Attacks in Nigeria’s Northeast, 133 Philip Ademola Olayoku AfSol Journal, Vol. 2(II) About the AfSol Journal “Making and sustaining peace and security is also an intellectual challenge. We therefore undertake to build the capacity of our universities and research institutes to explore the nature of African conflicts, to investigate what succeeds and what fails in conflict resolution efforts, and to arrive at African-centred solutions, drawing from our own distinctive and unique experience.” Tripoli Declaration (2009) Africa, like every other continent in the world, has unique problems that require special diagnosis as well as a unique socio-cultural and political landscape that distinctly impacts the peace and security environment. With the transformation of the Organization of African Unity (OAU) into the African Union (AU) in 2002, new objectives under the new framework emphasized the need to define and find African-centred solutions for peace and security in the continent. While the African Peace and Security Architecture (APSA) is already operational, there is an emerging need for the AU to focus more on the interface between peace, security and governance. This makes the search for African-centred solutions in peace and security more complex and broad since the solutions have to include elements of governance, democracy, human rights and the rule of law. Pursuant to these needs, it is time for Africans to actively discuss the past and present in order to shape their future by debating and analyzing conflict, peace and security issues through an African perspective. Vision 2063 of the AU pursues “a people-driven process for the realization of the vision of the AU for an integrated, people-centred, prosperous Africa, at peace with itself”. The AU Heads of State and Government recognized peace and security as an “intellectual challenge” in the 2009 Tripoli Declaration on the Elimination of Conflicts in Africa and the Promotion of Sustainable Peace. Responding to this “intellectual challenge”, IPSS offers the AfSol Journal as a platform for critical debate that avails theoretical and practical knowledge to academia and policymakers. This knowledge is drawn from newly emerging practices and from past experiences, found in oral verses and practices of Africans, written in academic publications, daily periodicals and policy documents. It is embedded in what Africa has achieved in the past and in what it could have done better; it is entrenched in its history, its traditions, values and its people. Our objective is to bring this knowledge together to publish papers with high academic standards that are presentable to policymakers and to those working towards a peaceful and prosperous Africa. 7 IPSS, Addis Ababa University Scope of the Journal The Journal on African-Centred Solutions in Peace and Security (AfSol Journal) is an initiative of the Institute for Peace and Security Studies at Addis Ababa University. The Journal is an inter-disciplinary African studies journal, focusing broadly on the fields of peace and security in Africa. It covers the interface between ‘academia and practice’ and ‘theory and policy’ in African security and governance issues that have implications on the management of peace and security in the continent. The Journal publishes articles from broad fields of study with at least one of the following criteria: • Original empirical data collected and presented through acceptable scientific methods. • Already existing data and with a unique or advanced theory. • Practical cases in one of the following analytical dimensions: о African ownership and commitment о Leadership о African shared values • Narrate and analyze undocumented events or practices with suitable academic rigour. • Unless it is especially relevant to the present or is a critical account of a missing piece of history, biographic and/or autographic narratives are not published in this Journal. The Journal would particularly like to publish critical analyses of Africa’s social, cultural and political factors that influence peace and state building in Africa. It ultimately aims to gather cross-cutting themes that would inform policymakers, civil society, and academicians, and also advance the promotion of effective interventions across Africa. Unless explicitly specified in the call for papers of a specific edition, articles within this scope are considered for review. a) Distribution The AfSol Journal will be produced and distributed in print and electronic copies 8 AfSol Journal, Vol. 2(II) in accordance with the Open Access Policy of the Journal. b) Language The AfSol Journal will be published in English. However, works written in French might also be published. Although the AfSol Journal will conduct its own language editing after acceptance, articles, whether in French or English, should be clearly written and referenced upon submission. Refer to the guidelines document for more information. Values • Pursuit of excellence • Innovation, creativity, evidence-based and action-oriented • Pan-Africanism, diversity, integrity and inclusion • Commitment to delivery and social transformation Editor-in-Chief Pamela Mbabazi Editorial Board Anouar Boukhars David Francis Gilad Ben-nun Giselle Huamani Ober Habtamu Wondimu Kidane Kiros - Ex-Officio member Kwaku Asante Darko Mary King Mbaya J. Kankwenda Michelle Ndiaye – Ex-Officio member Samba Buri Mboup Swaran Singh Associate Editors Mesfin Gebremichael Yonas Adaye Adeto 9 IPSS, Addis Ababa University Editor Samuel G. Weldeegzie Review Editors Michelle Mendi Muita Grace Atuhaire Ethical Considerations The AfSol Journal is not liable for the actions of article contributors as authors take responsibility of all processes vis-à-vis copyright permissions and have agreed to release the publisher from claims of any third party. All submitted articles will be given equal opportunity for selection regardless of authors’ background, except for editions designated for PhD candidates from African universities. The Journal’s editors also arrange for external blind reviews of all submissions. Editorial Policies a. Disclaimer The views expressed in the AfSol Journal are those of the authors. They do not necessarily align with those of IPSS. b. Privacy Statement The names and e-mail addresses entered in this journal’s site will be used exclusively for the stated purposes of this journal and will not be made available for any other purpose or to any other party. c. Open Access Policy All articles published by the AfSol Journal are made available under an open access license. Everyone has free and unlimited access to the full-text of all articles published in the Journal. All articles published by the Journal can be cited in other publications free of charge under the sole condition of proper accreditation of the author and original publisher. 10 AfSol Journal, Vol. 2(II) d. Copyright Agreement Authors who publish with the AfSol Journal agree to the following terms: 1. Authors grant exclusive copyright to the Journal for the publication of the article in print and online. 2. Authors who would like to publish their work in additional places should wait at least three years after the date of publication and communicate their intentions to the AfSol Journal. Upon which they will be able to enter into an additional arrangement for the non-exclusive distribution of the article with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this Journal if the Journal validates their request in writing. 3. Authors grant the Journal commercial rights to produce hardcopy and electronic volumes for commercial purposes. 4. This copyright agreement is subject to Ethiopian copyright law. 5. In the event that the parties to this agreement, either individually or collectively, are held responsible for damages or the costs of a legal process due to the content or promotion of the article, the authors agree to release the publisher from the claims of any third party and to compensate the publisher for any resulting legal costs. 11 IPSS, Addis Ababa University Introduction This volume of the AfSol Journal comprises of six articles focusing on various thematic areas relating to resource management, transnational crime,