UNIVERSITY OF WATERLOO GRADUATE JOURNAL OF POLITICAL SCIENCE Insight and Inquiry Transitions: Shifts and Transformations in International Relations and Comparative Politics Volume 6 Issue 1 © University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, 2013 Letter from the Editor I am very pleased to present the sixth volume of Inquiry & Insight. This year, the publication strived to increase coordination with the Second Annual University of Waterloo Graduate Conference in Political Science. Therefore, those graduate students whose papers were selected to be included in the journal were also given the opportunity to present their work at the Second Annual Graduate Conference in Waterloo, Ontario. This led to excellent debates on the ideas put forward by each author, allowing exchange and feedback for all the authors on their work. I would like to thank our faculty advisors, Dr. Anna Drake and Dr. Jingjing Huo for all their advice and input throughout this process. I would also like to thank members of the journal committee, who spent many hours reviewing abstracts and editing the articles in this journal. Finally, I would like to thank and congratulate the authors featured in this issue of Inquiry & Insight for their wonderful presentations at the conference, and for the quality of their final articles. We currently inhabit a world which is characterized by rapid changes and transformations. This can be observed in evolving international norms, technological advances, the changing environment and shifts in the political power structures. Therefore, both Inquiry & Insight and the Second Annual Graduate Conference in Political Science decided that the overarching theme for this edition would be the transitions which have occurred in the conception or practice of International Relations and Comparative Politics within the past decade. This year, the articles selected were grouped under two broad categories: transitions in security and transitions in public policy. While those papers selected did not have to fall into either category, after a double-blind review of the submitted abstracts, each article that was selected to be included in the journal were found to fit within one of these themes. Grouped under the umbrella of security were Karina Sangha, Jeffrey Chalifoux, Joe Yang, and Daniel Koscinski, while Nicholas Mucci, Malcolm Campbell-Verduyn, Chris Bordeleau and Jasmine Bélanger-Gulick discussed topics with public policy implications. I truly hope that you enjoy the articles that are featured in this edition of Inquiry & Insight. Sincerely, Michelle Legassicke Editor-in-Chief ii Contributors Graduate Conference Organizing Committee Executive Members Ekavi Beh Jasmine Bélanger-Gulick Michelle Legassicke Isaac Illankeswaran Journal Committee Abstract Review Board Ekavi Beh John MacLachlan Jasmine Bélanger-Gulick Chris Bordeleau Drew Snider Karina Sangha Katie Nelson Dan Koscinski Steph Grenswich Jeffrey Chalifoux Jierui Zhao Isaac Illankeswaran Joe Yang Editors Drew Snider Dan Koscinski Katie Nelson Chris Bordeleau Steph Grenswich Joe Yang Jeffrey Chalifoux Jasmine Bélanger-Gulick Faculty Coordinators Dr. Anna Drake Dr. Jingjing Huo iii Table of Contents _____________________________________________________________________________________________ BUILDING AN ARMY FOR PEACE ETHNIC INTEGRATION AND COOPERATION IN THE MILITARIES OF POST-CONFLICT STATES 1 KARINA SANGHA A MAJOR SHIFT OR BUSINESS AS USUAL? UNITED STATES’ STRATEGIC POLICY TOWARDS ASIA 24 JEFFREY J. CHALIFOUX POST-LULZSEC CYBERSECURITY CHALLENGES OF MORAL AMBIGUITY ASSOCIATED WITH THE AMERICAN GOVERNMENT AS A REFERENT OBJECT 46 JOE YANG GOVERNING PRIVATE SECURITY COMPANIES ONE SMALL STEP FOR LAW 65 DANIEL KOSCINSKI GLOBAL OBESITY AND THE CHANGING MATERIALITY OF FOOD 84 NICHOLAS MUCCI RE-ACCOUNTING FOR POWER? GOVERNING GLOBAL FINANCIAL REPORTING STANDARDS IN THE POST-CRISIS PERIOD 105 MALCOLM CAMPBELL-VERDUYN IS THE FUTURE HUMAN IMMORAL? MORALITY, HUMAN NATURE, AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 141 CHRIS BORDELEAU EXPLAINING THE PARADOX CANADA'S AGRICULTURAL TRADE POSITION IN THE URUGUAY AND DOHA ROUND 150 JASMINE BÉLANGER-GULICK iv Building an Army for Peace Ethnic Integration and Cooperation in the Militaries of Post- Conflict States Karina Sangha A key component of peace-building efforts in post-ethnic conflict societies has been security sector reform, which encompasses a wide array of tasks, ranging from transferring greater authority to local police forces, to bringing the state's security forces under greater civilian control. Noteworthy among these tasks is the reconstitution of a state's national military. In many societies that have experienced ethnic conflict, the military has been used as a tool to terrorize and kill particular ethnic groups within society. As a result, one of the main goals of reconstituting the military is to re-establish its legitimacy, instituting a composition and control structure that is agreeable to all parties and provides the security necessary to prevent a return to conflict. Although most peace settlements envision a more legitimate national military that contributes to internal stability, the ideal way to go about achieving this goal remains open to debate. Ultimately, this paper argues that the best way to transition from conflict to long-term peace through military restructuring in post-ethnic conflict states is through the integration of rival military groups into a single national army with ethnically mixed units. To be sure, there are two elements to this argument: the integration of rival groups and the ethnic mixture of units. Although this paper will argue for each of these elements in turn, it is important to note that they do not need to be pursued in concert. Given the complexity and uniqueness of each post-conflict situation, it is quite possible that the circumstances may not be conducive to one - or even either - of these elements. Consequently, in addition to arguing as to the merits of military integration and the ethnic mixture of units, this paper will also address the conditions that are likely to encourage or inhibit their success. Military Integration: Description and Rationale The creation of integrated national militaries out of warring militias and government forces has become a common peace-building strategy in post-ethnic conflict states. This form of military restructuring has been implemented or attempted in close to a third of all peace 1 processes since the 1990s, with some of the most notable cases occurring in Southern Africa.1 Although it is not impossible for integration to take place after a decisive military victory by one ethnic group over another, it is most commonly proposed in instances of negotiated peace.2 In these cases, the negotiation process makes it difficult for a single group to dominate post-war institutions, such as the military. In fact, equal representation in state institutions is typically a necessary condition for the warring groups to agree to a cessation of violence. Military integration is a costly and time-consuming process, involving the disarmament and disbandment of existing military forces and the incorporation of individuals into a new, more professional army in positions similar to those they previously held.3 In most cases, combatants are instructed to report to assembly points where they can be disarmed, evaluated, and eventually demobilized or sent for military training. In the case of those who are sent for training, the goal is to establish a sense of uniformity within the new military and to provide individuals with the skills they will need to operate in a post-conflict setting.4 Those who are demobilized are often children, disabled, or elderly, though young, capable individuals may also be taken out of active service to prevent a bloated military. These individuals are typically provided with reintegration services and financial compensation in order to ease their transition to civilian life.5 With this in mind, integration is not simply about constructing a new military; it also incorporates various DDR (Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration) strategies that are essential to the maintenance of peace. Questions abound as to how such a seemingly risky policy could possibly contribute to the preservation of peace. Allowing former combatants to remain armed would seem to pose a direct threat to fragile peace settlements.6 Further, from a more practical standpoint, it would seem difficult to motivate individuals who were just killing one another to work together in a newly 1 Katherine Glassmyer and Nicholas Sambanis, "Rebel-Military Integration and Civil War Termination," Journal of Peace Research 45 (2008): 3. 2 Roy Licklider, "Merging Militaries after Civil War: South Africa, Bosnia, and a Preliminary Search for Theory" (paper presented at the annual meeting of the APSA, Hynes Convention Centre, Boston, MA, 2008), accessed October 25, 2012, http://www.allacademic.com/meta/ p280687_index.html 3 Licklider, "Merging Militaries after Civil War"; William D. Stanley and Charles T. Call, "Military and Police Reform after Civil Wars," in Contemporary Peacemaking Conflict, Peace Processes, and Post-War Reconstruction, 2nd ed. ed. John Darby and Roger M. Ginty (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008), 302. 4 Virginia Gamba, "Post-Agreement Demobilization, Disarmament, and Reconstruction: Towards a New Approach," in Contemporary Peacemaking Conflict, Peace Processes, and Post-War Reconstruction, 2nd ed. ed. John Darby and Roger M. Ginty (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008), 180.