ANNOTATED BibLIOGRAPHY INTRODUCTION Macmillan, 1925); and C. F. D. Moule, The Birth of the New Testament, 3rd ed. (San Francisco: Harper Among standard scholarly introductions to the NT, & Row, 1982). that of T. Zahn, Introduction to the New Testament, The basic pattern of conspiracy explanations of 3 vols. (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1909 early Christianity has remained rather constant. One [1905]) is still unmatched for the depth and vigor can compare H. S. Reimarus, The Goal of Jesus and of its textual analysis. The most useful one-vol- His Disciples, trans. G. W. Buchanan (Leiden: E. J. ume compendium is W. G. Kümmel, Introduction Brill, 1970 [written before 1768]) and H. Schonfield, to the New Testament, trans. H. C. Kee (Nashville: The Passover Plot (New York: Bantam Books, 1966). Abingdon, 1975). Although uneven in quality, H. The options are laid out with customary verve by Koester’s Introduction to the New Testament, 2 vols. D. Strauss, The Life of Jesus Critically Examined, (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1982), contains much ed. R. Hodgson (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1973 useful information, particularly in its first volume, [1835]), 735–44. Strauss himself developed a myth- History, Culture, and Religion of the Hellenistic Age, ological approach to the NT that is very close to the 2nd ed. (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1995). Also quite one I use, but with significant differences. Strauss helpful is the survey of modern NT research in E. J. was hampered by rigid presuppositions and rela- Epp and G. W. MacRae, eds., The New Testament tively undeveloped critical tools, but his insight was and Its Modern Interpreters (Philadelphia: Fortress nevertheless acute. Press, 1989). Among textbook introductions, R. For examples of psychological reductionism, see E. Brown, An Introduction to the New Testament E. Fromm, The Dogma of Christ (New York: Holt, (New York: Doubleday, 1997), and B. D. Ehrman, Rinehart & Winston, 1955), and R. L. Rubenstein, The New Testament: A Historical Introduction to Paul My Brother (New York: Harper & Row, 1972). the Early Christian Writings (New York: Oxford For a reading of earliest Christian history from the University Press, 1996), are worth consulting. For perspective of a Marxist reduction, see K. Kautsky, treatments of the development of the NT, see Hans Foundations of Christianity, trans. H. F. Mins (New von Campenhausen, The Formation of the Christian York: S. A. Russell, 1953). Bible, trans. J. A. Baker (Philadelphia: Fortress On the development and history of the his- Press, 1972); A. von Harnack, The Origin of the torical-critical model, see W. Baird, History of New New Testament, trans. J. R. Wilkinson (New York: Testament Research, vol. 1, From Deism to Tübingen 1 2 ANNOTATED BibLIOGRAPHY (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1992); R. A. Harrisville 1995). For a challenge to this view, see H. J. Hultgren, and W. Sundberg, The Bible in Modern Culture: The Rise of Normative Christianity (Minneapolis: Theology and Historical-Critical Method from Spinoza Fortress Press, 1994). to Käsemann (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1995); W. The so-called sociological approach to early G. Kümmel, The New Testament: The History of the Christianity is not entirely novel (cf. S. J. Case, The Investigation of Its Problems, trans. S. MacL. Gilmour Social Origins of Christianity [Chicago: University of and H. C. Kee (Nashville: Abingdon, 1972); S. Chicago Press, 1923]), but it has come into its own. Neill and N. T Wright, The Interpretation of the New For a popular treatment, see H. C. Kee, Christian Testament 1861–1986 (New York: Oxford University Origins in Sociological Perspective (Philadelphia: Press, 1988); and J. K. Riches, A Century of New Westminster, 1980), and for a review of the options, Testament Study (Valley Forge, Pa.: Trinity, 1993). H. E. Remus, “Sociology of Knowledge and the Criticism of the method by scholars taking it very Study of Early Christianity,” Studies in Religion seriously is exemplified by J. A. T. Robinson,Redating 11 (1982): 45–56. To date, the theoretically ori- the New Testament (Philadelphia: Westminster, ented approaches of J. G. Gager, Kingdom and 1976), and N. T. Wright, The New Testament and the Community: The Social World of Early Christianity People of God (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1992), (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1975); R. A. 3–120. Horsley, Sociology and the Jesus Movement, 2nd ed. The classic expressions of the History of Religions (New York: Continuum, 1994); and G. Theissen, School approach to the NT are W. Bousset, Kyrios Sociology of Early Palestinian Christianity, trans. J. Christos: A History of the Belief in Christ from the Bowden (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1977) have Beginnings of Christianity to Irenaeus, trans. J. Steely received more attention than the carefully crafted (Nashville: Abingdon, 1970), and R. Bultmann, studies of E. A. Judge, The Social Pattern of Christian Theology of the New Testament, 2 vols., trans. K. Groups in the First Century (London: Tyndale, 1960); Grobel (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1951– A. J. Malherbe, Social Aspects of Early Christianity, 55). On this approach, see L. W. Hurtado, “New 2nd ed. (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1983); W. A. Testament Christology: A Critique of Bousset’s Meeks, The First Urban Christians: The Social World Influence,”TS 40 (1979): 306–17. of the Apostle Paul (New Haven: Yale University The movement to treat the history of earli- Press, 1982); and G. Theissen, The Social Setting of est Christianity without regard to considerations Pauline Christianity: Essays on Corinth, trans. and ed. of canon was given great impetus by W. Bauer’s J. Schütz (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1981). For a Orthodoxy and Heresy in Earliest Christianity, ed. R. summary of the issues involved, see B. Holmberg, A. Kraft and G. Krodel, trans. P. J. Achtemeier et Sociology and the New Testament: An Appraisal al. (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1971), and given (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1990). programmatic expression by J. M. Robinson and As for the now burgeoning literary approach to H. Koester in Trajectories Through Early Christianity the NT, see appendix 1 for further bibliography. (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1971). See also B. L. For examples of Jewish response to the Holocaust Mack, Who Wrote the New Testament? The Making and reinterpretation of the traditional Jewish sym- of the Christian Myth (San Francisco: HarperCollins, bols, see the very different approaches by R. L. ANNOTATED BibLIOGRAPHY 3 Rubenstein, After Auschwitz: Radical Theology and from Cultural Anthropology, rev. ed. (Atlanta: John Contemporary Judaism (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill Knox, 1993); and R. Rohrbaugh, ed., The Social Co., 1966), and E. L. Fackenheim, The Jewish Bible Sciences and New Testament Interpretation (Peabody, after the Holocaust: A Re-reading (Bloomington: Mass.: Hendrickson, 1996). Selections of primary Indiana University Press, 1990). texts pertinent to the NT can be found in C. K. Barrett, The New Testament Background: Writings from Ancient Greece and the Roman Empire That CHAPTER 1 Illuminate Christian Origins, rev. ed. (New York: Harper & Row, 1987), and E. M. Boring et al., Unless otherwise noted, all translations from Greek eds., Hellenistic Commentary to the New Testament and Latin authors are found in the Loeb Classical (Nashville: Abingdon, 1995). Standard treatments Library (Cambridge: Harvard University Press; of Hellenistic history and culture include M. Hadas, London: William Heinemann). The sections of Hellenistic Culture (New York: W. W. Norton & Co., Apuleius in this chapter come from The Golden 1959); W. W. Tarn, Hellenistic Civilization, 3rd rev. Ass, trans. R. Graves (New York: Farrar, Strauss & ed., with G. T. Griffith (New York: World, 1952); Giroux, 1951), 187, 190, 262, 264–66. The quo- and P. Green, Alexander to Actium: The Historical tation of A. D. Nock is from Conversion (London: Evolution of the Hellenistic Age (Berkeley: University Oxford University Press, 1933), 218. of California Press, 1990). For the Roman period For introductory surveys of the symbolic world of more specifically, see P. Petit, Pax Romana, trans. the NT, see R. Bultmann, Primitive Christianity in Its J. Willis (Berkeley: University of California Press, Contemporary Setting, trans. R. Fuller (Philadelphia: 1976); and K. Galinsky, Augustan Culture: An Fortress Press, 1956); E. Ferguson, Backgrounds of Interpretive Introduction (Princeton: Princeton Early Christianity, 2nd ed. (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, University Press, 1996). An indispensable reference 1993); H. Koester, History, Culture, and Religion of work for the history and culture of the ancient world the Hellenistic Age, 2nd ed. (New York: Walter de is S. Hornblower and A. Spawforth, eds., The Oxford Gruyter, 1995); B. Reicke, The New Testament Era, Classical Dictionary, 3rd ed. (New York: Oxford trans. D. Green (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1980 University Press, 1996). [1956]); U. Schelle, The History and Theology of New Classic studies of the Roman context are J. Testament Writings, trans. M. E. Boring (Minneapolis: Carcopino, Daily Life in Ancient Rome, ed. H. T. Fortress Press, 1998); and N. T. Wright, The New Rowell, trans. E. O. Lorimer (New York: Penguin Testament and the People of God (Minneapolis: Fortress Books, 1985 [1940]), and S. Dill, Roman Society Press, 1992). One should also consult the invaluable from Nero to Marcus Aurelius (New York: World Pub. eight volume series edited by W. A Meeks, Library Co., 1956 (1904]). For more recent treatments, of Early Christianity (Philadelphia: Westminster, see M. Goodman (with J. Sherwood), The Roman 1986–87), which explores the Greco-Roman and World: 44 BC–AD 180 (New York: Routledge, Jewish backgrounds of the NT. Engaging introduc- 1997); P. Garnsey and R. Saller, The Roman Empire: tions to the symbols of the NT world are provided Economy, Society and Culture (Berkeley: University by B. J. Malina, The New Testament World: Insights of California Press, 1987); R. MacMullen, Roman 4 ANNOTATED BibLIOGRAPHY Social Relations: 50 B.C. to A.D. 284 (New Haven: Roman Religion (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, Yale University Press, 1974); and P.