International Journal of the Malay World and Civilisation (Iman) 5(Special Issue 1), 2017: 59 - 66 (http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/IMAN-2017-05SI1-08) Challenges of Urban Space for Sustainable Solid Waste Management in the Langat Basin, Malaysia Cabaran Ruang Perbandaran terhadap Pengurusan Sisa Pepejal Lestari di Lembangan Langat, Malaysia AHMAD FARIZ MOHAMED, SHAHARUDIN IDRUS & ABDUL SAMAD HADI ABSTRACT Urbanization process in the Langat Basin, Malaysia, grow rapidly for the past three decades. The land use change urban areas of the basin increased from 2.3% in 1974 to 32% in 2010. While the population experiencing rapid growth from 665,395 in 1991 and increase to 1,492,422 in 2015. The vibrancy of economic activities with increasing of population, leads to increasing generation of solid waste in the basin. Solid waste generation increased from 332.7 ton/day in 1991 and increased to 1,641 ton/day in 2015. The current practice of waste management in the Langat Basin still focus on disposals to landfill. Previously there are nine landfill supporting the needs of the basin, however there are only three landfill left. The landfills closed were due to pressure from the development of residential, commercial and industrial areas. The demand for new landfill will compete for space with other economic activities and security of ecosystem services. Land are so precious, thus priorities will not be given for landfill in the Langat Basin. Hence there is a need for change of waste management. Priority should be given to resource recovery with waste recycling, waste reduction and waste reuse as the main approach, with support of other strategic plan such as designing product and system as well as using incinerator to ensure reduction of solid waste flow to landfill. These approaches and strategies will able to reduce dependency of space for new landfill in the Langat Basin in the future. Keywords: Space; urban; waste; demand; landfill ABSTRAK Proses perbandaran di Lembangan Langat, Malaysia, berkembang pesat sejak tiga dekad yang lalu. Perubahan penggunaan tanah kawasan bandar di Lembangan Langat meningkat daripada 2.3% pada tahun 1974 kepada 32% pada tahun 2010. Sementara itu pertumbuhan penduduk juga mengalami perkembangan yang pesat daripada 665.395 pada tahun 1991 dan meningkat kepada 1.492.422 pada tahun 2015. Kerancakan aktiviti ekonomi dengan peningkatan penduduk, membawa kepada meningkatkan penjanaan sisa pepejal di Lembangan Langat. Penjanaan sisa pepejal meningkat daripada 332,7 tan/hari pada tahun 1991 dan meningkat kepada 1,641 tan/hari pada tahun 2015. Amalan semasa pengurusan sisa di Lembangan Langat masih memberi tumpuan kepada pelupusan ke tapak pelupusan. Sebelum ini terdapat sembilan tapak pelupusan menyokong keperluan lembangan, namun hanya terdapat tiga tapak pelupusan kini. Tapak pelupusan ditutup adalah disebabkan oleh tekanan daripada pembangunan kawasan kediaman, perdagangan dan perindustrian. Permintaan untuk tapak pelupusan baru akan bersaing dengan aktiviti-aktiviti ekonomi yang lain dan keselamatan perkhidmatan ekosistem. Tanah yang begitu berharga, dengan itu keutamaan tidak akan diberikan untuk tapak pelupusan di Lembangan Langat. Oleh itu terdapat keperluan untuk perubahan pengurusan sisa pepejal. Keutamaan perlu diberikan kepada sumber pemulihan dengan kitar semula sisa pepejal, pengurangan sisa pepejal dan sisa pepejal digunakan semula sebagai pendekatan utama, dengan sokongan daripada pelan strategik yang lain seperti merekabentuk produk dan sistem serta penggunaan insinerator untuk memastikan pengurangan aliran sisa pepejal ke tapak pelupusan tidak berlebihan. Pendekatan dan strategi ini akan dapat mengurangkan kebergantungan ruang untuk tapak pelupusan baru di Lembangan Langat pada masa hadapan. Kata kunci: Ruang; bandar; sisa; permintaan; tapak pelupusan. INTRODUCTION determining the level of development process and what have been achieved. Most of the development Economy, social and physical development are process happens in an urban areas. Hence in the main factors for development process of a Malaysia, its development process was measured country. These three factors play important role in base on the urbanization process which includes 60 Ahmad Fariz Mohamed, Shaharudin Idrus & Abdul Samad Hadi its economic growth and social development. The of services. The analyses use secondary data from dynamics of the Malaysian urbanization process Statistic Department of Malaysia. Waste generation resulted too many positive and negative impact. and landfill management analyses provide picture One of the main aspect that require critical attention of waste management issues. This includes to from rapid urbanization process in Malaysia is its determine the trends of waste generation by waste management. The need for sustainable waste household and analyses of landfill lifespan and management is critical as its generation increases needs. Findings from landuse change and population with population growth and economic activity. This change analyses were compared with waste is true, as cities grow demand for consumption of generation and landfill management analyses to resources will continue (Schulz 2007; Fernandez assess issues of competitiveness of space for landfill. 2007). With increasing metabolism process, waste This will help to assess important factor which will generation increases and that requires more services be use to determine the strategy and action plan. and support system which include land space, infrastructure, technology, financial and human resources. Cities with limited resources such as URBANIZATION IN THE LANGAT BASIN land for space will require strategic management system where they are able to manage their wastes The Langat Basin lies adjacent and to the south of the in a sustainable manner. Klang Valley. It is divided into five administrative As cities grow the demand of space for areas, namely, Putrajaya, Municipal Council of economic and social development increased. Kajang (MPKJ), Kuala Langat District Council Urbanization process in Malaysia especially in (MDKL), Sepang District Council (MDSpg), and the Langat Basin, which experiencing rapid urban Seremban District Council (MDS) in the state of growth since 1990s, shows the increasing demand Negeri Sembilan. Map 1 shows the Langat Basin of land for development. This leads to uncertainties and its location within the Peninsular Malaysia. for suitable land for landfill to ensure efficient waste The development process in the Langat Basin was management. There is a need to have strategy and influenced by the introduction of the Malaysia action plan to handle this critical issues, if the urban National Economic Plan (NEP) and subsequent waste still manage using an end-of-pipe approach, Malaysia Plans. At the early stage of development, where landfill is the main options. One of the forestry, agriculture and tin mining were the major important strategies is to implement waste recovery forms of landuse in Selangor during the 1970s to reduce dependency on limited space, human and 1980s. The main agricultural crop was rubber, resources and capital. This strategy help to reduce which were mainly planted on large commercial flow of waste to the landfill and increase the lifespan estates and smallholdings, and oil palm extensively of a landfill or maybe the cities will not require to on the coastal plain. Coffee is cultivated mainly in have new landfill in the future. Sepang and Kelang, and tea in Bukit Cheeding, Kuala Langat. Rubber and palm oil was further intensified as the main crops for the purposes of MATERIALS AND METHODS export, thus increasing the amount of land cultivated for agricultural purposes (Wong 1974). In the 1980s, The study was conducted by using secondary data palm oil became the dominant crop, with rubber obtained from government agencies and other experiencing a 40% decrease from 1980 to 1990 research institution. Field observation helps in as more of rubber estates were converted to palm verifying the secondary data and to understand oil estates. During the 1970s and 1980s decade, the the process of change and determining implication basin remained predominantly agricultural with of urbanization process to waste management rubber and palm oil being the main commercial and landfill issues. Analyses of landuse change crops in the basin. Not many industrial park for and landuse drivers provide important scenario manufacturing industry. on what going on in the Langat Basin physically However the game changes of the Langat Basin and space change towards waste management was seen in the early 1990s when three mega projects and landfill requirements. Population change was development take place. The three mega projects conducted to assess the impact and demand for Kuala Lumpur International Airport (KLIA), new efficient waste management and wider coverage capital city of Malaysia, Putrajaya and Multimedia Ahmad Fariz Mohamed, Shaharudin Idrus & Abdul Samad Hadi 61 industry city, the Cyberjaya. The development increased. Table 2 shows the trends of housing in the of these three projects located in the middle of Langat Basin. These two data is very important as to the basin, drive the fast growth of urbanization show the critical and increasing demand for effective process. The adjacent areas of these three mega waste management in the basin. Table 3 illustrate projects are adapting to the changes to provide the landuse change in the Langat Basin. Urbanization necessary support for the projects such as housing, process