FOREWORD PREFACE EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1.0 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 5 2.0 SIZING OF WATER METERS ............................................................................. 6 3.0 CLASSIFICATION OF WATER METERS ............................................................ 6 4.0 DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF METERS AND APPLICATIONS ....................... 10 4.1 Mechanical Meters .......................................................................................... 11 4.1.1 Volumetric Meters ........................................................................................ 11 4.1.1.1 Rotary Piston Meters ............................................................................. 11 4.1.2 Inferential Meters ...................................................................................... 11 4.1.2.1 Single Jet Meters ................................................................................... 12 4.1.2.2 Multijet Meters ....................................................................................... 13 4.1.2.3 Woltman Meter ...................................................................................... 13 4.1.3 Combination Meters .................................................................................. 14 4.2 Electromagnetic Water Meters ........................................................................ 14 4.3 Ultrasonic Water Meters .................................................................................. 16 4.3.1 Transit Time Ultrasonic Flow Meters ........................................................ 16 4.3.2 Doppler Ultrasonic Flowmeters ................................................................. 17 4.3.3 Sensor Based Flow Meter......................................................................... 18 5.0 INSTALLATION & TESTING OF WATER METERS .......................................... 18 5.1 Installation of Water Meters ............................................................................ 18 5.2 Testing and Calibration of Water Meters ......................................................... 20 5.2.1 Procedure for Conducting the Test ........................................................... 22 6.0 REPAIRS, MAINTENANCE & TROUBLESHOOTING OF WATER METERS ... 24 6.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 24 6.1.1 Preventive Maintenance ........................................................................... 25 6.1.2 Breakdown Maintenance .......................................................................... 25 6.2 Prevention of Tampering of Water Meters ...................................................... 26 6.3 Trend of Replacement of Water Meters .......................................................... 27 Page 1 of 64 7.0 FLOW METERS ................................................................................................. 28 7.1 Methods for Metering Flow .............................................................................. 28 7.1.1 Accuracy ................................................................................................... 28 7.1.2 Range ....................................................................................................... 29 7.1.3 Rangeability/Turndown Ratio .................................................................... 29 7.1.4 Linearity .................................................................................................... 29 7.1.5 Resolution ................................................................................................. 29 7.1.6 Repeatability ............................................................................................. 29 7.2 Types of Flow Meter ....................................................................................... 29 7.3 Installation & Maintenance of Flow Meters...................................................... 32 7.3.1 Installation of Flow Meters ........................................................................ 32 7.3.2 Maintenance of Flow Meters ..................................................................... 33 7.4 Problems Encountered in Flow Meter Performance ........................................ 37 8.0 ONLINE MEASUREMENT INSTRUMENTATION .............................................. 39 8.1 Level Measurement ........................................................................................ 39 8.1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................... 39 8.1.2 Maintenance of Level Measuring Instruments .......................................... 40 8.2 Pressure Measurement ................................................................................... 41 8.2.1 Calibration of Pressure Measuring Instruments ........................................ 43 8.2.2 Preventive Maintenance ........................................................................... 44 8.2.3 Radar Level Transmitters.......................................................................... 46 8.3 Water Quality Parameter Monitoring ............................................................... 47 8.3.1 Turbidity Meter .......................................................................................... 48 8.3.1.1 Typical Specification for Online Measurement of Turbidity .................... 48 8.3.2 pH Meter ................................................................................................... 49 8.3.2.1 Typical Specification for Online Measurement of pH ............................. 50 8.3.3 Residual Chlorine Meter ........................................................................... 51 8.3.3.1 Typical Specification for Online Measurement of Chlorine..................... 51 9.0 TELEMETRY AND SCADA SYSTEMS .............................................................. 52 9.1 Manual Monitoring .......................................................................................... 52 9.2 Telemetry ........................................................................................................ 52 9.2.1 Data for Collection by Telemetry ............................................................... 53 9.2.2 Processing Data from Telemetry .............................................................. 53 Page 2 of 64 9.3 SCADA Systems ............................................................................................. 53 9.4 Smart Communication..................................................................................... 54 9.4.1 Meter Reading Systems ........................................................................... 54 9.4.2 Automatic Meter Reading (AMR) .............................................................. 55 9.4.3 Remote Register Meters ........................................................................... 57 9.4.4 Advanced Metering Interface (AMI) .......................................................... 58 9.5 Methods of Data Transmission ....................................................................... 59 9.6 Data Collected in SCADA/ Smart Metering System ........................................ 60 9.7 Analysis of Data from SCADA/Smart Metering ............................................... 60 9.8 Limitations of SCADA/Smart Metering/Communication .................................. 60 10.0 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................. 61 Page 3 of 64 Table 3.1: Classification of Water Meters .................................................................. 7 Table 6.1: Troubleshooting of Water Meter ............................................................. 26 Table 7.1: Types of Flow Meter ............................................................................... 29 Table 7.2: Average Accuracies of Various Flow Meters .......................................... 34 Table 7.3: Broad Areas of Application of Flow Meter for Liquid ............................... 34 Table 7.4: Performance Factors of Flow Meter ....................................................... 35 Table 7.5: Installation Constraints for Flow Meter ................................................... 35 Table 7.6: Fluid Property Constraints for Flow Meter .............................................. 36 Table 7.7: Economic Factors of Flow Meters .......................................................... 36 Table 7.8: Installation & Maintenance of Flow Meters ............................................. 37 Table 7.9: Common Problems Encountered in Flow Meter Performance................ 38 Table 8.1: Direct Method of Level Measurement ..................................................... 39 Table 8.2: Inferential Method of Level Measurement .............................................. 40 Table 8.3: Types of Manometers ............................................................................. 42 Table 8.4: Advantages & Disadvantages of Electrical Pressure Transducers ......... 43 Table 8.5: A typical troubleshooting chart for Pressure & Level Measuring Instrument (Electronic Transmitter Type) ................................................................. 45 Table 8.6: Typical Specification for Online Measurement of Pressure ................... .45 Table 8.7: Radar Level Transmitter ......................................................................... 47 Table 8.8: Advantages and