International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) |Volume III, Issue II, February 2019|ISSN 2454-6186 Challenges Facing Islam in Promoting National Cohesion and Integration in Kenya Michael G. Mwangi, Dr. Janet N. Kassilly and Dr. Nicholas K. Ombachi International Leadership University, Kenya Abstract: - National cohesion and integration have become an Ukambani Counties where Kalonzo comes from: Kitui area of interest at both the government and the civic levels in (79.90%); Machakos (80.90%) and Makueni (90.5%). In his Kenya. This has been occasioned by high degree of social ethnic stronghold counties, Raila Odinga brought the disintegration witnessed in the country especially around the following score to NASA: Siaya (99.11%); Kisumu (97.64%) electioneering periods. Islam as the second largest religion in and Homabay (99.34%) (IEBC, 2017).The Uhuru Kenyatta/ Kenya has attempted to give its input in promoting a cohesive and integrated society. While undertaking the task, several William Ruto Jubilee party ticket scored as follows from their challenges have stood on the way towards a successful ethnic turfs: From the Kalenjin community counties, where contribution by the religion. The paper aimed at exploring the Ruto hails from, Jubilee scored as follows: Bomet (87.04%); specific challenges that have complicated the work of Islam in Kericho (92.78%); Nandi (86.84%); Uasin Gishu (77.79%) the efforts. Evidence for the paper was collected using and Elgeyo Marakwet (94.63%). In the Kikuyu community questionnaires, interview guides and focus group discussion dominated counties, the tallies were as follows, courtesy of guides. The study was largely qualitative and hence the data Uhuru’s ethnicity: Nyandarua (98.99%); Nyeri (98.35%); collected was organized into thematic areas for ease of analysis. Kirinyaga (98.61%); Murang’a (97.89%) and Kiambu The study found that political interference, increased (92.63%) (IEBC, 2017). The lack of more even distributed radicalization, bad leadership and lack of enough resources were major barriers against the religion’s efforts for a cohesive and scores in those counties is a clear indication of a country with integrated society in Kenya. Other challenges include negative a long way to go in attaining a decent level of cohesion and publicity and stereotypes against Islam and divisions among integration. Muslims while approaching matters of public importance. Beside the most commonly known inter-ethnic Key Words: cohesion and integration; challenges; Islam. conflicts which have occurred mostly around the electioneering periods, some regions have been hit by other I. INTRODUCTION nature of conflicts; some of which have assumed inter-clan; inter-ethnic and inter-religious dimensions (Mghanga, 2010). ational cohesion and integration have become an area of In the years 2011 and 2012, scores of people were brutally N interest at both the government and civic levels in killed in Tana River County when the Pokomo and the Orman Kenya. The interest was largely rekindled following the communities fought (Sentential Project for Genocide events of 2007/2008 Post Election Violence (PEV) which Prevention, 2013). Tensions between the two warring resulted into loss of lives and property. Evidently, the communities remained real long after the 2011 and 2012 challenge on national cohesion and integration is both a past conflicts. Most probably, eruption of fresh conflicts was and a current reality in Kenya. In 2013, a survey undertaken deterred by the heavy presence of the government security by National Cohesion and Integration Commission found that apparatus mobilized after the killing spree. There has been a cohesion and integration index in Kenya is just above series of inter-communal rivalries in the North-Eastern region average(KIPPRA and NCIC, 2014). The situation has not pitting different clans of the Somali Community against each changed significantly since the study, as it was demonstrated other (Human Rights Watch, 2013). during the electioneering period of 2017. Religious animosity though not very pronounced in During the 2017 general elections, ethnic the country have been witnessed at different times in different temperatures became unusually high, especially following the localities in the country. Kahumbi (1995) asserts that annulmentof the presidential election by the Supreme Court of Christian-Muslim relations in Kenya has been characterized Kenya. The voting patterns in the presidential election took by misunderstanding, misrepresentation, prejudice, and what the same ethnic patterns as it has been the case in the past. some observers refer to as discrimination by the Christian Communities that had produced a presidential candidate or his majority. The media in Kenya reported religious related running mate in the main political parties overwhelmingly tensions in Mombasa in 2012 following the killing of Sheikh voted as a block in favor of that party and to that extent the Aboud Rogo, a controversial Muslim cleric and extremist. presidential duo. For instance, the NASA party ticket of Raila Following the murder of the cleric by suspected government Odinga (presidential candidate) and Kalonzo Musyoka security forces, several churches were burnt and vandalized in (running mate) garnered the following percentages from www.rsisinternational.org Page 90 International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) |Volume III, Issue II, February 2019|ISSN 2454-6186 the city even as religious leaders from either side called for using the 10%-30% sample population suggested by Mugenda calm and tolerance (Mwangi, 2014; Akama, 2012). (2003) for smaller populations. Religious tensions of different magnitudes have been The researcher used interview guides, questionnaires witnessed in the Coastal and Northeastern regions more and focus group discussion guides to collect the field data. recently and remains a great concern to the stakeholders The interview guides were used to gather data from SUPKEM (www.cohesion.or.ke accessed on 19th February 2016). and CIPK officials. Only a few respondents from these Further, the state’s intensified war on terrorism has evidently organizations were engaged for the study making it practical led to religious innuendos which if not well handled may lead to conduct an in-depth oral interview with them. The to further ethnic and religious polarization in the country. The interviews conducted helped in gathering in-depth data for the recent terror attacks at Dusit hotel at 14 Riverside Drive in study therefore enriching the data gathered through Nairobi brought back the common religious stereo-type questionnaires. against people of Muslim background. Whenever there is a The questionnaires and focus group discussions were terror attack in the country, there is a pattern of bracket anger used to gather responses from Muslim faithful attending and condemnation against Islam and Muslim faithful. prayers in the randomly selected mosques with prior Being a deeply religious country, religious arrangements with the Imams. A self-administered institutions are naturally expected to play a central role in questionnaire under the supervision of the researcher and cohesion and integration agenda in Kenya. Islam is the second research assistants was the most practical way of gathering the largest religion with a national following of 11%. In some data from Muslim faithful. The data was qualitatively regions such as North-Eastern and Coast, the percentage of analyzed under thematic areas corresponding to the purpose of Muslims is much higher and in majority (GoK, 2014; GoK, this study. 2009). The religion, going by some reports has put effort to III. OVERVIEW OF ISLAM build a cohesive and integrative society in Kenya. However, various challenges have stood on the way towards an effective There is limited understanding of Islam among many participation of the faith in the work. This paper aimed at people in Kenya (Kahumbi, 1995). This may be attributed to exploring the challenges faced by Islam in national cohesion the fact that Islam only commands a following of around 11% and integration efforts. The next section highlights the nationwide. Secondly, Islam is not a mandatory subject in methodology employed in the study. primary and secondary schools in the education system. This situation makes a brief overview of the religion important for II. METHODOLOGY this work. The word Islam is derived from the Arabic root “SLM” which means among other thingspeace, purity, The study though with ideas drawn across the submission and obedience. In the religious sense the word country was primarily based in Nairobi and Islam means submission to the will of Allah and obedience to Mombasacounties. These areas were specifically selected for His law (Abdalati, 1998). The nexus between the original and the collection of primary data because they have a high the religious meaning give rise to the implication that, true concentration of Muslims and have experienced some form of peace and joy can only be derived from submission to the will ethnic and religious conflicts in the past. Furthermore, the two of Allah and obeying His Law (Abdalati, 1998). counties have mixed populations with people of different religious and ethnic backgrounds residing in them. Primary Islam has been a religion and world power for more data was collected through interviews, FGDs and than 1300 years (Nehls and Walter, 2009). Yet the West only questionnaires prepared for the purpose. The secondary data started focusing on Islam in fairly recent times. As Nehls and was obtained through reviewing relevant literature from the Walter (2009) observes, the West hardly gave Islam space and library. The weekly Islam Friday Bulletins were much attention in her history and media. Further the resourceful to the study. They were readily available at Jamia twoacknowledge that the religion has gone through times of Mosque Library in Nairobi City. glory and growth as well as moments of decay and recession. However, this scenario of blackout by the West to Islam has Adult Muslim population in Mombasa and Nairobi runs into changed dramatically in the last few decades. This has been several hundreds of thousands.