• CurrentMongolian state and Yak perspective Society of Dr. Prof. Zagdsuren. Yo. Dr. Dagviikhorol V. • Mongolian Yak Mongolianhusbandry YakDr. Gombojav Society A. Current state and perspective of Mongolian Yak husbandry Dr. Prof. Zagdsuren. Yo. Khishigjargal, Ts 2 February 2012, Spokane 1 Mongolian Yak Society Dr. Prof. Zagdsuren. Yo. Dr. Dagviikhorol V. Dr. Gombojav A. 2 Mongolian Yak Society Dr. Prof. Zagdsuren. Yo. Dr. Dagviikhorol V. Dr. Gombojav A. The origin of Mongolian yak • The paleontological findings related to yak origin , found uptill now, are 30-40 thousand years ahead and it shows that wild yaks have been distributed from Central Asian platue to North America, covering vast land. • Archeological findings have proved that Mongolians have been breeding yaks since 2500 years ago. Historian G.Sukhbaatar has noted that Khunnu state had 6 types of livestock one of which was a yak. 3 Mongolian Yak Society Dr. Prof. Zagdsuren. Yo. Dr. Dagviikhorol V. Dr. Gombojav A. A distribution of yak population by provinces HOVSGOL UVS SELENGE BAYAN- OLGIY DARKHAN ORKHON DORNOD DZAVHAN BULGAN HENTIY HOVD ULAN-BATOR ARHANGAY TOV SUHBAATAR GOBISUMBER GOBI-ALTAI OVORHANGAY BAYANHONGOR DUNDGOBI DORNOGOBI OMNOGOBI 4 Mongolian Yak Society Dr. Prof. Zagdsuren. Yo. Dr. Dagviikhorol V. Dr. Gombojav A. Location of yak population 5 Mongolian Yak Society Dr. Prof. Zagdsuren. Yo. Dr. Dagviikhorol V. Dr. Gombojav A. 6 Mongolian Yak Society Dr. Prof. Zagdsuren. Yo. Dr. Dagviikhorol V. Dr. Gombojav A. Color distribution of yaks 7 Mongolian Yak Society Dr. Prof. Zagdsuren. Yo. Dr. Dagviikhorol V. Dr. Gombojav A. 8 Mongolian Yak Society Dr. Prof. Zagdsuren. Yo. Dr. Dagviikhorol V. Dr. Gombojav A. 9 Mongolian Yak Society Dr. Prof. Zagdsuren. Yo. Dr. Dagviikhorol V. Dr. Gombojav A. The number of yaks and their hybrids, thousands head Years Yaks Of which hybrids Number % 1939 749,4 75,6 10,1 1940 725,8 73,6 10,1 1945 610,3 87,7 14,4 1950 561,0 52,4 9,3 1955 432,3 58,0 13,4 1960 495,6 69,2 13,9 1970 452,2 69,1 15,2 1975 525,5 65,0 12,4 1980 554,5 50,7 9,1 1985 521,8 63,4 12,1 1989 550,4 70,2 12,7 2002 728,2 43,1 5,9 2004 464,1 43,5 9,4 10 Mongolian Yak Society Dr. Prof. Zagdsuren. Yo. Dr. Dagviikhorol V. Dr. Gombojav A. 11 Mongolian Yak Society Dr. Prof. Zagdsuren. Yo. Dr. Dagviikhorol V. Dr. Gombojav A. Milk production of yak and hybrids Average daily Average yield Average annual yield for 100 days yield M±m M±m M±m Yak cow 2.1±3.2 206±1.9 289±1,9 F1 2.5±4.3 256±6.2 350±7.5 F2 3,9±2.6 390.6±2.7 546±2,0 F3 3.3± 2.1 330.7± 3.4 462± 4.1 12 Mongolian Yak Society Dr. Prof. Zagdsuren. Yo. Dr. Dagviikhorol V. Dr. Gombojav A. Live weight of yak, Mongolian cattle and their hybrids, kg Age, in Yaks Hybrids (F1) derived Hybrids (F1) derived Mongolian months from yak cows mated from local cows cattle by local bulls mated by yak bulls At birth 17,2±0,2 21,0 ±1,1 24,2 ±0,9 18,4 ±2,2 4 46,1 ±4,2 70,6 ±7,5 73,8 ±4,7 59,7 ±3,4 8 56,5 ±4,9 82,0 ±7,8 91,5 ±4,6 76,0 ±5,0 12 64,1 ±2,8 92,1 ±9,8 107,8 ±8,6 76,6 ±1,2 18 118,0 ±4,8 164,0 ±8,6 199,0 ±7,4 143,0 ±3,2 40 329 ±4,4 393,8 ±7,0 416,7 ±8,2 364,1 ±6,1 13 Mongolian Yak Society Dr. Prof. Zagdsuren. Yo. Dr. Dagviikhorol V. Dr. Gombojav A. Difference of live weight and crosses F2 ,kg Age in L x HF1 H x HF1 S x HF1 BW x HF1 A x HF1 months At birth 22,5±0,8 25,4±1,2 23,4±0,7 24,2±0,9 19,9±0,6 6 112,3±6,3 95,6±6,2 91,2±5,8 80,2±8,5 86,2±4,6 12 147,7±6,8 114,0±2,8 108,0±8,4 130,0±4,3 111,4±4,4 18 232,5±5,4 221,0±9,6 207,0±6,1 208,4±8,1 198,2±6,8 24 207,8±8,6 189,0±6,5 183,7±5,4 191,0±6,9 170,4±7,0 29 319,3±7,2 306,0±8,3 276,5±8,6 299,6±7,8 249,8±7,8 Note: L - Limousine, H -Hereford, S -Simmental, BW - Black & White, A - Alatau and HF1 - Hybrids 14 Mongolian Yak Society Dr. Prof. Zagdsuren. Yo. Dr. Dagviikhorol V. Dr. Gombojav A. 15 Mongolian Yak Society Dr. Prof. Zagdsuren. Yo. Dr. Dagviikhorol V. Dr. Gombojav A. Seasonal changes in live weight of animals Types of animals Autumn weight Spring weight Difference % M±m M±m L x HF1 232,5±7,5 207,8±8,6 -10,7 H x HF1 221,9±9,6 189,0±6,5 -14,5 BW x HF1 208,4±8,1 191,0±6,8 -8,4 S x HF1 207,5±6,1 183,7±5,4 -11,5 À xHF1 198,2±6,2 107,4±7,0 -14,1 Yaks 152,0±5,6 153,0±6,3 0,6 Hybrids F1 220,0±5,1 217,0±7,0 -1,4 Backcross 157,7±10,8 150,5±9,1 -4,7 Local cattle 190,4±4,9 175,0±5,3 -7,9 16 Mongolian Yak Society Dr. Prof. Zagdsuren. Yo. Dr. Dagviikhorol V. Dr. Gombojav A. Average number of days when heat is induced in yak cows after calving Calving months Days when heat is induced in cows after calving March 140 April 116 May 105 June 35 17 Mongolian Yak Society Dr. Prof. Zagdsuren. Yo. Dr. Dagviikhorol V. Dr. Gombojav A. • The heat in yak cows lasts for 18 hours. 70-75% of cows become pregnant after the first heat. A bull serves for 15-20 cows in natural breeding season. A yak sire is used for breeding for 2.5 – 8 years. An yak cows calve 6-8 time. • Regarding the yak breeding, herders used to select yak bulls for breeding purpose by considering their body conformation and coat color. • In high mountain region, young sires of dark coat color with a good body conformation are preferred. The sires with these features usually do not suffer much from loose of their liveweight during winter-spring time. To prevent from inbriding, herders used to exchange sires frequantly. 18 Mongolian Yak Society Dr. Prof. Zagdsuren. Yo. Dr. Dagviikhorol V. Dr. Gombojav A. 19 Mongolian Yak Society Dr. Prof. Zagdsuren. Yo. Dr. Dagviikhorol V. Dr. Gombojav A. 20 Mongolian Yak Society Dr. Prof. Zagdsuren. Yo. Dr. Dagviikhorol V. Dr. Gombojav A. In high mountain area, yaks and their hybrids, mainly F1 are used as a means of transportaion (packing and riding in card). (Difficult to reach by car and tractor) In winter and spring yaks also are rided. 21 Mongolian Yak Society Dr. Prof. Zagdsuren. Yo. Dr. Dagviikhorol V. Dr. Gombojav A. 22 Mongolian Yak Society Dr. Prof. Zagdsuren. Yo. Dr. Dagviikhorol V. Dr. Gombojav A. 23 Mongolian Yak Society Dr. Prof. Zagdsuren. Yo. Dr. Dagviikhorol V. Dr. Gombojav A. Future development of Yak farm Breeding stock Breeding stock Nuclear herd Breeding stock Breeding stock A plan for supporting the forming of nuclear herds from meat and milk type yaks in the provinces located in high mountain region is developed. 24 Mongolian Yak Society Dr. Prof. Zagdsuren. Yo. Dr. Dagviikhorol V. Dr. Gombojav A. Yak wool value chain development 1 step: Raw material preparation • Herders are learning to comb yak down • Price per kg increased from 1/3 USD to 5 USD in 5 years. 2 step: Brand development • Represents a production code with no harmful effects on ecological and social well being of rangelands and herders. • 20% of added value profit is distributed to herders. • Produced by herders maintaining their pastures healthy. • Produced from finest quality camel and yak wool. 25 Mongolian Yak Society Dr. Prof. Zagdsuren. Yo. Dr. Dagviikhorol V. Dr. Gombojav A. Thank you for your attention. 26 .