Report Series No. 148 Rapportserie nr. 148 Winfried K. Dallmann (Editor) Geoscience Atlas of Svalbard Norsk Polarinstitutt er Norges hovedinstitusjon for kartlegging, miljoovervaking og forvaltningsrettet forskning i Arktis og Antarktis Instituttet er faglig og srrategisk radgiver i miljovernsaker i disse omradene og nar forvaltningsmyndighet i norsk del av Antarktis. Instituttet er et direktorat under Klima- og miljodepartementet. The Norwegian Polar Institute is Norway's central governmental institution for management-related research, mapping and environmental monitoring in the Arctic and the Antarctic. The Institute advises Norwegian authorities on matters concerningpolar environmental management and is the official environmental management body for Norway's Antarctic territorial claims. The institute is a Directorate within the Ministry of Climate and Environment. Contents Authors. Initials and acronyms for photo and author references 2 Preface and introduction 3 Contents 4 CHAPTER 1: HISTORY OF GEOSCIENTIFIC EXPLORATION l-l Early discovery 1-2 19th century pioneers 10 1-3 Early 20th century 12 1-4 Post-war era (1945-1978) 14 1-5 Exploration since 1979 16 CHAPTER 2: PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY 19 2-1: Physical geography of the Arctic 20 2-2: Bathymetry of Svalbard's environs 24 2-3: Physical geography of Svalbard 28 CHAPTER 3: OCEAN AND SEA ICE 31 3-1: Ocean currents and distribution of water masses 32 3-2: Sea ice 36 CHAPTER 4: GLACIERS 43 4-1: Glaciers in Svalbard 44 4-2: Glacier mass balance 48 4-3: Glacier change and surge 50 CHAPTER 5: QUATERNARY GEOLOGY AND GEOMORPHOLOGY 53 5-1: Landscapes 54 5-2: Arctic landforms 58 5-3: Changing landscapes 62 5-4: Permafrost 66 5-5: Karst and thermokarst 68 5-6: Superficial deposits 72 5-7: Glacial geology 74 5-8: Fjord bathymetry and geology 78 CHAPTER 6: HISTORICAL GEOLOGY 89 6-1 Geological timescale 90 6-2 Pre-Caledonian era 94 6-3 Caledonian period 98 6-4 Devonian 102 6-5 Carboniferous 106 6-6 Permian 110 6-7 Triassic 114 6-8 Jurassic 118 6-9 Cretaceous 122 6-10: Palaeogene 126 6-11: Neogene and Quaternary 130 CHAPTER 7: BEDROCK GEOLOGY 133 7-1: Geology of Svalbard's environs 134 7-2: Stratigraphy of Svalbard 136 7-3: Rock types of Svalbard 138 7-4: Geological map of Svalbard 142 7-5: Cross sections 170 CHAPTER 8: TECTONICS AND TECTONOTHERMAL EVENTS 175 8-1: Tectonic terranes of the Arctic 176 8-2: Tectonic provinces of Svalbard 180 8-3: Long-lived fault zones 182 8-4: Basement provinces of northern Svalbard 186 8-5: Basement of southwestern Svalbard 190 8-6: West Spitsbergen Fold Belt 194 8-7: Devonian basins 198 8-8: Carboniferous basins 202 8-9: Palaeogene basins 206 8-10: Metamorphism and igneous activity 210 8-11: Neogene-Quaternary volcanism and thermal springs 214 8-12: Glossary of tectonic and structural geological terms 220 CHAPTER 9: GEOPHYSICS 225 9-1: Seismicity 226 9-2: Gravimetry 230 9-3: Geomagnetism 234 9-4: Magnetic declination 238 CHAPTER 10: GEOCHEMISTRY OF SUPERFICIAL DEPOSITS 241 Main and trace element distribution 242 CHAPTER 11: GEORESOURCES 249 11-1: History of resource exploitation 250 11-2: Mineral deposits 254 11-3: Coal 255 11-4: Hydrocarbons 257 CHAPTER 12: MANAGEMENT AND INFRASTRUCTURE 259 12-1: Management 260 12-2: Infrastructure 262 Bibliography 267 Index 281 .