Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1981 A Systematic Study of the Mexican, Central American, and Jamaican Species of the Genus Calea. James Richard Wussow Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Recommended Citation Wussow, James Richard, "A Systematic Study of the Mexican, Central American, and Jamaican Species of the Genus Calea." (1981). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 3663. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/3663 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This was produced from a copy of a document sent to us for microfilming. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or notations which may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign or “target” for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is “ Missing Page(s)” . If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting through an image and duplicating adjacent pages to assure you of complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a round black mark it is an indication that the film inspector noticed either blurred copy because of movement during exposure, or duplicate copy. Unless we meant to delete copyrighted materials that should not have been filmed, you will find a good image of the page in the adjacent frame. If copyrighted materials were deleted you will find a target note listing the pages in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., is part of the material being photo­ graphed the photographer has followed a definite method in “sectioning” the material. It is customary to begin filming at the upper left hand corner of a large sheet and to continue from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. If necessary, sectioning is continued again—beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. For any illustrations that cannot be reproduced satisfactorily by xerography, photographic prints can be purchased at additional cost and tipped into your xerographic copy. Requests can be made to our Dissertations Customer Services Department. 5. Some pages in any document may have indistinct print. In all cases we have film ed the best available copy. University Microfilms International 300 N. ZEEB RD., ANN ARBOR, Ml 48106 8126985 Wussow,J a m e s R ic h a r d A SYSTEMATIC STUDY OF THE MEXICAN, CENTRAL AMERICAN, AND JAMAICAN SPECIES OF THE GENUS CALEA The Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical Ph.D. Col. 1981 University Microfilms International 300 N. Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, M I 48106 PLEASE NOTE: In all cases this material has been filmed in the best possible way from the available copy. Problems encountered with this document have been identified here with a check mark V . 1. Glossy photographs or pages ^ 2. Colored illustrations, paper or print______ 3. Photographs with dark background 4. Illustrations are poor copy_______ 5. Pages with black marks, not original copy_______ 6. Print shows through as there is text on both sides of page______ 7. Indistinct, broken or small print on several pages ^ 8. Print exceeds margin requirements______ 9. Tightly bound copy with print lost in spine______ 10. Computer printout pages with indistinct print_______ 11. Page(s)____________lacking when material received, and not available from school or author. 12. Page(s)____________seem to be missing in numbering only as text follows. 13. Two pages numbered____________. Text follows. 14. Curling and wrinkled pages______ 15. Other__________________________________________________________________________ University Microfilms International A Systematic Study of the Mexican, Central American, and Jamaican Species of the Genus Calea A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate School of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of Botany James Richard Wussow B.A., University of Texas, 1976 M.S., Louisiana State University, 1978 August, 1981 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank Dr. Lowell E. Urbatsch for suggestion of this problem and for guidance throughout the duration of the investigations and writing on the manuscript. Appreciation is extended to the Botany faculty for helping make my graduate education possible, and to Mr. Barney Lipscomb of the Southern Methodist University Herbarium Library for his generous assistance with much of the literature search. Special gratitude is reserved for my wife, Becky, and all my family, for unfailing support through­ out my graduate career. Financial support for this project was provided by the Depart­ ment of Botany, and an NSF Grant (DEB 78-04265) to Dr. Urbatsch. Acknowledgement is made to the following herbaria from which specimens were borrowed: A, ENCB, F, GH, K, LIL, LL, MEXU, MICH, MO, MSC, TEX, UC, US, XAL. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...................................... ii LIST OF T A B L E S ...................................... iv LIST OF FIGURES...................................... v ABSTRACT .............................................. viii INTRODUCTION ....................................... .1 TAXONOMIC HISTORY .................................... 3 MATERIALS AND METHODS ................................ 13 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION .............................. 15 SYSTEMATIC RELATIONSHIPS ............................ 22 TAXONOMIC TREATMENT ................................ 25 DOUBTFUL SPECIES .................................... 123 EXCLUDED TAXA . .................................. 124 LITERATURE CITED .................................... 129 INDEX TO SYNONYMY..................................... 132 FIGURES............................................... 138 TABLES ...................................... 184 VITA ................................................. 189 LIST OF TABLES Table Page I Chromosome Reports for the Mexican, Central American, and Jamaican Species of Calea .............................. 184 II Greenhouse Material ..................................... 187 iv LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Calea ternifolia var. zacatechichi. Lower leaf surface showing uniseriate hairs and globular resinous trichomes. Scanning electron micro­ scope (SEM) photograph. X 1 0 0 .......................... 139 2. Calea ternifolia var. calyculata. Lower leaf surface showing globular resinous trichomes, 3 filamentous hairs, and stomata. SEM photo­ graph. X 200 139 3. Calea urticifolia. Upper leaf surface showing short, uniseriate hairs. SEM photograph. X 100 .... 139 4. Calea trichomata var. trichomata. Lower leaf surface showing globular resinous trichome, curled bulbous celled hair and long, straight uniseriate hair. SEM photograph. X 600 ........ 139 5. Calea trichomata var. trichomata. Lower leaf surface showing curled, uniseriate hair with several bulbous basal cells and one long attenu­ ate, apical cell. SEM photograph. X 1000 ............ 139 6. Calea prunifolia var. prunifolia. Similar hair as in Fig. 5 but straight which shows component cells. SEM photograph. X 1000 139 7. Calea prunifolia var. prunifolia. Globular resinous trichome on lower leaf surface. SEM photograph. X 1000 139 8. Calea ternifolia var. ternifolia. Pollen mother cell during meiosis showing 19 pair of chromo­ somes (arrow indicates two pair clumped together). Light microscope p h o t o g r a p h .......................... 139 9. Calea ternifolia var. ternifolia. Achene with short, broad, blunt-tipped pappus scales. SEM photograph. X 2 6 ..................................... 141 10. Calea urticifolia. Achene with numerous, long, narrowly lanceolate pappus scales. SEM photo­ graph. X 2 0 ........................................... 141 11. Calea trichomata var. trichomata. Achene surface showing biseriate, bifid trichomes. SEM photograph. v Figure Page X 1 7 5 ................................................... 141 12. Calea ternifolia var. ternifolia. Close-up of pappus showing broad oblong to oblanceolate scales. SEM photograph. X 6 5 .......................... 141 13. Calea urticifolia. Close-up of pappus showing numerous, long, narrowly lanceolate scales. SEM photograph. X 2 0 ....................................... 141 14. Calea trichomata var. trichomata. Close-up of biseriate, bifid, achene trichome. SEM photo­ graph. X 500 141 15. Calea ternifolia var. ternifolia. Style branches. SEM photograph. X 9 0 ................................... 143 16. Calea ternifolia var. ternifolia. One arm of style branches enlarged showing collecting hairs. SEM photograph. X 200 ................................... 143 17. Calea ternifolia var. zacatechichi. Disk corolla showing deep lobing and glandular dotted surface. SEM photograph. X 3 5 .................. 143 18. Calea prunifolia var. prunifolia. Pollen grain. SEM photograph. X 3000 143 19. Documented distribution