INVESTIGATING THE INTRA-URBAN INEQUALITIES AND ENVIRONMENTAL INJUSTICE ON URBAN DEPRIVATION IN DAR ES SALAAM CITY – TANZANIA DEO DAMIAN MSILU March, 2009 Investigating the Intra-Urban Inequalities and Environmental Injustice on Urban Deprivation in Dar Es Salaam City – Tanzania By Deo Damian Msilu Thesis submitted to the International Institute for Geo-information Science and Earth Observation in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Geo-information Science and Earth Observation, Specialization: (Governance and Spatial Information Management) Thesis Assessment Board Prof. Dr.Ing. P. Y. Georgiadou Chair person Dr. F.J. Coenen External examiner Prof. Dr. Ir. A. Stein Examiner Dr.J.A. Martinez Examiner Drs. Johan de Meijere First supervisor Prof. Dr. Anne van der Veen Second supervisor Ir. M.C. Bronsveld Observer INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR GEO-INFORMATION SCIENCE AND EARTH OBSERVATION ENSCHEDE, THE NETHERLANDS Investigating the Intra-urban Inequality and Environmental injustices on Urban deprivation in Dar es salaam city - Tanzania Disclaimer This document describes work undertaken as part of a programme of study at the International Institute for Geo-information Science and Earth Observation. All views and opinions expressed therein remain the sole responsibility of the author, and do not necessarily represent those of the institute. Investigating the Intra-urban Inequality and Environmental injustices on Urban deprivation in Dar es salaam city - Tanzania Abstract Spatial indicators of inequality, rather than simply poverty, and environmental injustices are two essential tools for today’s urban policy makers and planners (UNHSP, 2004 pp. 86). Most research on urban deprivation in Sub-Saharan Africa has been based on monetary indicators (income and consumption). Little attention has been given to non- monetary dimensions such as access to water, sanitation, health, housing quality, education and quality of living environment (Mitlin et al., 1996; Martínez, 2005; Shimeles, 2006). Moreover environmental injustices have been neglected in urban deprivation analysis, although there is clear evidence as documented by (Bullard, 1996; Harvey, 1996; US-EPA, 1998; Robin and Diana, 2002; Damery et al., 2007) that deprived communities also suffer disproportionate exposure to environmental hazardous area. This study investigates intra-urban inequalities and environmental injustices in Dar-es-salaam city- Tanzania, using multiple sources of information such as access to physical infrastructure, access to social infrastructure, quality of living environment and human resources to develop an index of multiple deprivations. The index developed used data at ward level and applying Spatial Multi- Criteria Evaluation. The index combined with environmental injustices through GIS, in order to analyze whether multiple deprivations are spatially clustered and whether highly deprived areas also face disproportionate exposure to environmental hazards. The combination leads to hotspots that can be identified for area based policy intervention. Results indicate that there is spatial clustering of deprivations within the city. Highly deprived wards are clustered away and near to city centre. Deprived wards suffer a disproportionate exposure to environmental hazards burden than other social groups. Environmental hazardous areas, leads into unstable community which results into weak local economies, poor public services, health problems and high concentration of vulnerable groups (hotspot areas). Area-based policy targeting is an effective way to support highly deprived communities to get out from deprivation. Keywords: Intra-urban inequality; Environmental injustices; urban deprivation; spatial multi-criteria evaluation; index of multiple deprivations; Area based policy intervention i Acknowledgements First of all, I wish to express my sincere gratitude to almighty God for his protection, guidance and benediction through out my work. I would further like to thank the International Institute for Geo- Information Science and Earth Observations (ITC) scholarship that provided all financial support for my study in Netherland and all staff who have been so fascinating for not only providing wonderful academic facilities but also conducive working environment for my study in Enschede. Many people have contributed in one way or another towards the completion of this work. I wish to express my sincere gratitude to all of you. God bless you. My sincere and deepest gratefulness goes to my supervisors, my first supervisor Assistant Professor Johan de Meijere and second supervisor Professor Anne van der Veen for their intellectual advice, guidance, encouragement and regular discussions were very valuable and inspiring in the process of the proposal writing, research undertaking and thesis writing. In addition, I appreciate the assistance given by Course Coordinator Assistant Professor Johan de Meijere once more for his guidance through out my study in GSIM programme. Also i express my sincere to Dr. Richard Sliuza and Dr. Martinez Javier for providing me a better understanding of different techniques for poverty analysis, Dr. Luc Boerboom and Dr. Johannes Flacke for their fruitful contribution in the techniques for applying Spatial Multi-Criteria Evaluation. I would like to thank officials of city council and Dar es Salaam municipalities for their cooperation and assistance. My gratitude extends to William G. Mhando Managing Director (TANESCO), Emillian N. Karugendo (National Bureau of Statistics), Samwel Bulegwa and January (Solid waste Management coordinators), Maembe A.T (Directorate of Environmental Compliance and Enforcement (NEMC), City Alliance Coordinator, DAWASCO Managing Director, City Council Planner, All Municipal Directors and UDEM Coordinators, REPOA Research Director, and all local leaders in Vingunguti, Kigogo, Buguruni, Kurasini and Mtoni .Without their acceptance, hospitality and impatience to share their time, data collection would not have been possible. I thank them whole heartedly for providing information and truthfully answering my questions. My sincere gratitude and appreciation goes to all my classmates (John, Gladys and Angelique) and all colleges especially the Cluster 2-146 family and all Tanzanian for their moral support and general academic discussion. Last but not least, I owe much to my family. I was separated from them for many months during my study. I am indebted to the courage and patience of my wife Elizabeth, whose prayers and love always help to boost up my sprit of finishing my study. The prayers of my brothers and sisters in the ITC- Christian Fellowship have made me overcome all the circumstances. “To the Living God be Glory, Honour and Might” Deo Damian Msilu Enschede, the Netherlands March, 2009 ii Investigating the Intra-urban Inequality and Environmental injustices on Urban deprivation in Dar es salaam city - Tanzania List of Abbreviations and Acronyms BOD: Biochemical Oxygen Demand CBO: Community Based Organisation CIUP: Community Infrastructure Upgrading Programme CHRGJ Centre for Human Rights and Global Justice DAWASCO: Dar es salaam Water Supply Company DCC: Dar es salaam City Council EIA: Environmental Impact Assessment ESRF: Economic and Social Research Foundation GIS: Geographical Information System GSIM: Governance and Spatial Information Management HBS: Household Budget Survey IMD: Index of Multiple Deprivations JICA: Japan International Cooperation Agency LGSP: Local Government Support Programme MDG: Millennium Development Goals MLHHSD: Ministry of Lands, Housing and Human Settlements Development NEMC: National Environmental Management Council NBS: National Bureau of Statistics NGO: Non Governmental Organisation NHS: National Housing Cooperation NSSF: National Social Security Fund OECD: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development PDRF: Plot Development Revolving Fund REPOA: Research on Poverty Alleviation SMCE: Spatial Multi-Criteria Evaluation TANESCO: Tanzania Electric Supply Company TBL: Tanzania Breweries Limited Tsh: Tanzanian shilling UCLAS: University College of Lands and Architectural Studies UDEM: Urban Development and Environmental Management UN: United Nations UNCHS: United Nations Centre for Human Settlements UNICEF: United Nations Children’s Fund UNDP: United Nations Development Programme UN-ESCAP: United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific UNHSP: United Nations Human Settlement Programme URT: United Republic of Tanzania USA United States of America US-EPA United States Environmental Protection Agency WCED: World Council of Environmental Development WHO: World Health Organisation iii Dedication Dedicated to My late mother Immaculata Cosmas Mgimwa iv Investigating the Intra-urban Inequality and Environmental injustices on Urban deprivation in Dar es salaam city - Tanzania Table of contents 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................1 1.1. Background information ..........................................................................................................1 1.2. Problem justification ................................................................................................................1 1.3. Problem Statement ...................................................................................................................3 1.4. Main objective ..........................................................................................................................4