https://doi.org/10.5392/JKCA.2020.20.11.216 과학외교를 위한 데이터기반의 연구주제선정 방법 Data-Driven Approach to Identify Research Topics for Science and Technology Diplomacy 여운동, 김선호, 이방래, 노경란 한국과학기술정보연구원 RnD투자분석센터 Woon-Dong Yeo([email protected]), Seonho Kim([email protected]) BangRae Lee([email protected]), Kyung-Ran Noh([email protected]) 요약 두 국가가 본격적으로 외교적 협약을 진행하기 전 우호적인 분위기를 만들기 위해서나, 국가간 정치적 우호 관계를 지속하기 위한 목적 등으로 과학외교를 사용한다. 최근에는 과학기술이 국가 발전에 미치는 영향이 커짐에 따라서 과학외교에 대한 관심이 더욱 집중되고 있다. 과학외교를 수행하기 위해 두 국가가 서로 흥미를 가질 수 있는 협동연구주제를 찾는 것은 전문가 집단에 의해 추천에 의해 이뤄진다. 그러나 이 방법은 전문가 의 주관적 판단에 의지하기 때문에 편향성과 이에 따른 문제가 존재한다. 개인적 및 조직적 편향, 유명한 연구 자의 후광효과, 전문가마다 다른 추천기준 등이 있을 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 전문가 기반의 방식이 가지는 문제점을 극복하기 위해 한국에서 시도된 빅데이터 기반의 외교를 위한 연구주제 추천방법을 소개한다. 빅데 이터를 분석하기 위한 알고리즘은 전통적인 연구분야인 계량서지학 뿐만 아니라 최신 딥러닝 기술을 사용한 다. 제안된 방식은 한국과 헝가리 간의 과학외교에 사용되었으며, 데이터기반 주제선정 방식의 가능성을 확인 할 수 있었다. ■ 중심어 :∣과학계량학∣추천시스템∣계량서지학∣딥러닝∣과학외교∣ Abstract In science and technology diplomacy, major countries actively utilize their capabilities in science and technology for public diplomacy, especially for promoting diplomatic relations with politically sensitive regions and countries. Recently, with an increase in the influence of science and technology on national development, interest in science and technology diplomacy has increased. So far, science and technology diplomacy has relied on experts to find research topics that are of common interest to both the countries. However, this method has various problems such as the bias arising from the subjective judgment of experts, the attribution of the halo effect to famous researchers, and the use of different criteria for different experts. This paper presents an objective data-based approach to identify and recommend research topics to support science and technology diplomacy without relying on the expert-based approach. The proposed approach is based on big data analysis that uses deep-learning techniques and bibliometric methods. The Scopus database is used to find proper topics for collaborative research between two countries. This approach has been used to support science and technology diplomacy between Korea and Hungary and has raised expectations of policy makers. This paper finally discusses aspects that should be focused on to improve the system in the future. ■ keyword :∣Scientometrics∣Recommender System∣Bibliometrics∣Deep Learnining∣Science for Diplomacy∣ 접수일자 : 2020년 09월 11일 심사완료일 : 2020년 10월 21일 수정일자 : 2020년 10월 21일 교신저자 : 노경란, e-mail : [email protected] 과학외교를 위한 데이터기반의 연구주제선정 방법 217 I. Introduction involving expert-driven research evaluation. In the case of the bottom-up approach, a lack of The use of science and technology to achieve purity in the intent of the researchers international diplomatic goals is called science participating in science diplomacy may lead to and technology diplomacy. It is generally used a lack of objectivity and credibility in the RT to create a positive atmosphere between two selection process. The problems include the countries before they enter into a main bias arising from the subjective judgment of diplomatic agreement or decide to maintain scientists, the attribution of the halo effect to long-term political relations[1]. In science and famous researchers, and the use of different technology diplomacy, major countries actively criteria for different experts[5][6]. It may be utilize their capabilities in science and difficult for an expert in a particular field to technology for public diplomacy, especially for judge the suitability of an interdisciplinary promoting diplomatic relations with politically topic beyond his or her domain or compare sensitive regions and countries. Small- and topics from different fields. The process of medium-sized countries use science and selecting an RT requires knowledge of a wide technology diplomacy as a means of raising range of subjects, time, and effort. Moreover, their potential in science and technology to unlike scientists, who are expected to be international standards[2]. Recently, with an devoted to their country, researchers many increase in the influence of science and participate in science diplomacy programs with technology on national development, interest in the primary purpose of securing financial aid science and technology diplomacy has and enhancing their reputation[7]. If there is a increased. To promote science and technology lack of purity in the intent of the scientists diplomacy, cooperation is required between the participating in science diplomacy according to government departments involved in diplomacy the bottom-up approach, the objectivity and and science and technology. Such cooperation credibility of the RT selection process may be includes the identification of the strengths and questionable. weaknesses of the partner countries and the In the case of a top-down approach to exploration of international joint research science diplomacy, there may be complaints topics (RTs) in close relationship with the arising from scientists being asked to conduct scientific community[1]. collaborative research. According to a study So far, RTs for science and technology conducted in Germany, scientists believe that diplomacy have been selected by a bottom-up there is no transparency in the decisions of approach driven by scientists and researchers relevant government agencies and that these or a top-down approach defined by decisions are difficult to understand and are too government agencies in pursuit of top-down self-oriented[7]. strategic priorities[3][4]. Both these approaches One solution to the problems of the are qualitative selection methods. The approach bottom-up and top-down approaches is to use involving the selection of RTs by scientists can a data-driven approach to identify potential have similar problems to the approach RTs. The data-driven approach involves making 218 한국콘텐츠학회논문지 '20 Vol. 20 No. 11 decisions based on data analysis results rather [13]. Science for diplomacy involves the use of than the judgment of scientists, researchers, science to help build and improve international and policy makers. Although data-driven relations, especially in cases where there may approaches are being used in international be strain or tension in the official relationship. collaborative research, most of them focus on Science for diplomacy primarily draws on the finding suitable researchers who can “soft power” of science, i.e., its attractiveness collaborate[8-11]. Some prior data-based and influence both as a national asset and as a studies on finding collaborative RTs used a universal activity that transcends national or method of recommending similar RTs after partisan interests. learning past collaborative research patterns. This paper suggests a new data-driven This is a machine-learning method that method to overcome the previously mentioned predicts the future by learning the past. This problems of the top-down and bottom-up method assumes that the joint RTs selected in approaches. This method of selecting RTs uses the past were desirable. However, it is not big data and has recently been tried as part of appropriate to use past cases as training data the science for diplomacy initiatives in Korea. because the selection results based on the past Algorithms for analyzing big data use cases may contain the abovementioned deep-learning techniques as well as problems. There is no evidence that past bibliometric methods, which are quantitative choices are the best. In addition, unlike general data measurement methods. The present study science and technology cooperation, science makes the following two contributions. First, diplomacy is carried out for promoting mutual the paper suggests a new and practical reciprocal relations with foreign countries, so it data-driven approach to recommend RTs for mainly uses science for easily achieving the science and technology diplomacy. This economic and political objectives of countries approach has actually been used in the science [12]. Because the economic and political for diplomacy program between Korea and objectives of countries can change from time to Hungary and has raised expectations of policy time, it is not appropriate to make selections by makers. The second contribution is that the learning past patterns. Hence, finding a solution paper suggests a new method to find to this problem is the motivation of this study. technologies based on relationships with Science diplomacy is broadly defined as a hypernyms. We call this method as the form of cooperation among countries or “usability method” because it explores the regions to solve complex problems through different usages of a technology. The usability scientific research. The Royal Society and the method helps science and technology American Association for the Advancement of nonspecialists to understand a specific Science (publisher of the magazine Science & technology more easily. It is not a new Diplomacy) divide science diplomacy into three algorithm but a new application of the types: science in diplomacy, science for well-known word2vec model[14]. diplomacy, and diplomacy for science. This This paper is organized as follows. Section II paper is associated with science for diplomacy outlines the techniques used in the data-based 과학외교를 위한 데이터기반의 연구주제선정 방법 219 approach. A detailed description of each publications. The number of papers, number of technique is beyond the scope of this paper citations, and citations per paper are the most and is therefore omitted. Section III describes basic and important indicators used by the principle of operation of the implemented bibliometrics. The existence of a large number system, that is, an RT recommendation of papers indicates that the topic is being algorithm. Section 4 presents the RTs actively researched by many researchers. The recommended by the system for science fact that there are a large number of citations diplomacy between Korea and Hungary. Finally, to a specific topic means that qualitatively, the Section V summarizes the study, describes research result of this topic has more impact problems that have been found in practical than that of other topics.