Dark Sky Project The study of light pollution and its effects on Mount Desert Island for the Acadia National Park An Interactive Qualifying Project submitted to the faculty of Worcester Polytechnic Institute in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science Submitted by: Andrew Larsen Joshua Morse Mario Rolón Sarah Roth Submitted to: Project Advisors: Prof. Frederick Bianchi Project Liaison: Acadia National Park July, 31 2013 Table of Contents Authorship..................................................................................................................................... IV Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................................... V Abstract ......................................................................................................................................... VI Executive Summary ..................................................................................................................... VII Chapter 1: Introduction ................................................................................................................. 11 Chapter 2: Background ................................................................................................................. 12 2.1 Acadia National Park ....................................................................................................... 12 2.1.1 The Community ....................................................................................................... 13 2.2 Previous Research ............................................................................................................ 14 2.3 Light Pollution ................................................................................................................. 16 2.4 Ecological and Physiological Impacts of Light Pollution ............................................... 17 2.4.1 Ecological Impacts ................................................................................................... 17 2.4.2 Physiological Impacts .............................................................................................. 19 2.5 Summary .......................................................................................................................... 20 Chapter 3: Methodology ............................................................................................................... 20 3.1 Calendar ........................................................................................................................... 20 3.2 Preparation and Equipment Testing ................................................................................. 21 3.2.1 Assessing Locations ................................................................................................. 21 3.2.2 Equipment Testing ................................................................................................... 22 3.3 Acquiring Raw Light Pollution Data ............................................................................... 23 3.4 Mapping Data .................................................................................................................. 24 3.4.1 Geographic Information System .............................................................................. 25 3.4.2 Bortle Scale .............................................................................................................. 26 3.5 Summary .......................................................................................................................... 28 Chapter 4: Results ......................................................................................................................... 28 4.1 Collection of Data ............................................................................................................ 29 4.2 GIS Maps ......................................................................................................................... 30 4.3 Analysis ........................................................................................................................... 34 4.3.1 Lens Difference ........................................................................................................ 34 4.3.2 Season Difference .................................................................................................... 35 4.3.3 Reasoning for the Bortle Scale ................................................................................. 36 4.3.4 Points of Interest ...................................................................................................... 36 Chapter 5: Recommendations ....................................................................................................... 41 5.1 Study Continuation and Expansion .................................................................................. 41 5.1.1 Summer Study .......................................................................................................... 41 5.1.2 Winter Study ............................................................................................................ 43 5.1.3 Schoodic Peninsula .................................................................................................. 43 5.2 Time-Lapse Graphs .......................................................................................................... 43 Chapter 6: Conclusion ................................................................................................................... 44 Appendix A: Python Program ....................................................................................................... 46 Appendix B: Light Readings and GPS Coordinates ..................................................................... 48 Appendix C: Magnitudes per Square Arcsecond (mag/arcsec2) ................................................... 51 Appendix D: Extra Maps .............................................................................................................. 52 Works Cited .................................................................................................................................. 56 Table of Figures Figure 1: Map of Acadia National Park ........................................................................................ 13 Figure 2: Light Pollution on Mount Desert Island ........................................................................ 15 Figure 3: Illustrating lighting efficiency ....................................................................................... 17 Figure 4: Illustrating the differences between ecological and astronomical light pollution ........ 18 Figure 5: Dark Sky Project calendar ............................................................................................. 20 Figure 6: Lunar calendar of July 2013 .......................................................................................... 22 Figure 7: SQM-LU-DL ................................................................................................................. 24 Figure 8: UTM coordinate system diagram .................................................................................. 25 Figure 9: The Bortle Scale ............................................................................................................ 27 Figure 10: Comparison of Bortle Scale to mag/arcsec2 ................................................................ 28 Figure 11: Dark Sky Travel Path .................................................................................................. 29 Figure 12: Dark Sky Map With College of the Atlantic Color Scale ........................................... 30 Figure 13: Dark Sky Final Map of Mount Desert Island .............................................................. 31 Figure 14: Dark Sky Final Map of Schoodic Peninsula ............................................................... 32 Figure 15: Dark Sky Final Map With Acadia National Park Boundaries ..................................... 33 Figure 16: Sky Quality Meter lens comparison ............................................................................ 35 Figure 17: Bar Harbor ................................................................................................................... 37 Figure 18: Northeast Harbor and Southwest Harbor .................................................................... 38 Figure 19: Somesville Area .......................................................................................................... 39 Figure 20: Sand Beach .................................................................................................................. 40 Figure 21: Seawall Campground and Picnic Area ........................................................................ 41 Figure 22: Island expansion sites .................................................................................................. 42 Figure 23: Sky Quality Over Time ............................................................................................... 44 III Authorship All sections of the research paper were written and edited as a collaborative effort by all members of the team. Below are simply the names of the primary authors of each section. Primary Editor: Mario Rolon Formatting: Mario Rolon Abstract: Sarah Roth Executive Summary: Mario Rolon Chapter 1: Andrew Larsen, Joshua Morse, Mario Rolon,