National Aeronautics and Human Space Administration Adaptation to Spaceflight: The Role of Food and Nutrition Second Edition Scott M. Smith Sara R. Zwart Grace L. Douglas Martina Heer National Aeronautics and Space Administration HUMAN ADAPTATION TO SPACEFLIGHT: THE ROLE OF FOOD AND NUTRITION Second Edition Scott M. Smith Grace L. Douglas Nutritionist; Advanced Food Technology Lead Scientist; Manager for Nutritional Biochemistry Manager for Exploration Food Systems Nutritional Biochemistry Laboratory Space Food Systems Laboratory Biomedical Research and Human Systems Engineering and Environmental Sciences Division Integration Division Human Health and Performance Human Health and Performance Directorate Directorate NASA Johnson Space Center NASA Johnson Space Center Houston, Texas USA Houston, Texas USA Sara R. Zwart Martina Heer Senior Scientist; Nutritionist; Deputy Manager for Nutritional Program Director Nutritional Sciences Biochemistry IU International University of Nutritional Biochemistry Laboratory Applied Sciences Biomedical Research and Bad Reichenhall, Germany Environmental Sciences Division & Human Health and Performance Adjunct Professor of Nutrition Physiology Directorate Institute of Nutritional and Food Sciences NASA Johnson Space Center University of Bonn, Germany Houston, Texas USA & Preventive Medicine and Population Health University of Texas Medical Branch Galveston, Texas USA Table of Contents Preface .......................................................................................................................... vi 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................... 1 Stressors of Spaceflight ............................................................................................ 2 Microgravity or Partial Gravity .............................................................................. 2 Radiation ............................................................................................................... 2 Isolation ................................................................................................................ 2 Environment .......................................................................................................... 3 Duration ................................................................................................................ 3 References for Chapter 1 .......................................................................................... 5 2. Nutritional Requirements for Space Explorers ...................................................... 7 Requirements Definition and Evolution .................................................................... 7 Food Provisioning and Standard Menu .................................................................... 9 References for Chapter 2 ........................................................................................ 11 3. Space Food Systems ............................................................................................. 13 International Space Station Food System ............................................................... 14 Food System Requirements .................................................................................... 15 Nutrition .............................................................................................................. 15 Acceptability and Variety .................................................................................... 16 Preference and Behavior .................................................................................... 17 Safety .................................................................................................................. 19 Stability ............................................................................................................... 20 Resource Minimization ....................................................................................... 21 Food System Considerations for Future Exploration Missions ............................... 21 The Moon: Artemis (Orion/Gateway/Lunar) ........................................................ 21 Mars and other Deep Space Exploration ........................................................... 22 References for Chapter 3 ........................................................................................ 24 4. Energy ...................................................................................................................... 27 Energy Intake ........................................................................................................... 28 Implications for Inadequate Energy Intake ......................................................... 30 Fuel Sources ............................................................................................................ 33 Carbohydrate (and Fiber) .................................................................................... 33 Fat (and Fatty Acids) ........................................................................................... 35 Protein ................................................................................................................ 37 i Nutrients Associated with Energy Metabolism ........................................................ 38 Magnesium ......................................................................................................... 88 Vitamin B6 ........................................................................................................... 38 Copper ................................................................................................................ 90 Thiamin ............................................................................................................... 38 Zinc (and Lead) ................................................................................................... 91 Riboflavin ............................................................................................................ 39 References for Chapter 6 ........................................................................................ 93 Niacin .................................................................................................................. 40 7. Muscle ................................................................................................................... 115 Pantothenic acid ................................................................................................. 41 Protein Biochemistry ............................................................................................. 115 Iodine .................................................................................................................. 41 Ground Analog Studies ......................................................................................... 116 Manganese ......................................................................................................... 41 Muscle Loss Countermeasures ............................................................................. 117 Chromium ........................................................................................................... 42 Mechanical ....................................................................................................... 117 References for Chapter 4 ........................................................................................ 42 Pharmacological ............................................................................................... 119 5. Fluid ......................................................................................................................... 51 Nutritional ......................................................................................................... 122 Fluid Intake .............................................................................................................. 51 Nutrients Associated with Muscle Health .............................................................. 124 Fluid Homeostasis ................................................................................................... 51 Potassium ......................................................................................................... 125 Diuresis and Dehydration ........................................................................................ 52 References for Chapter 7 ...................................................................................... 126 References for Chapter 5 ........................................................................................ 54 8. Cardiovascular ...................................................................................................... 137 6. Bone ......................................................................................................................... 57 Nutrients Associated with Cardiovascular Health ................................................. 139 Bone Biochemistry .................................................................................................. 58 Energy ............................................................................................................... 139 Ground Analogs and Animal Models of Spaceflight-Induced Bone Loss ............... 59 Magnesium ....................................................................................................... 140 Renal Stone Risk ....................................................................................................