KwaZulu-Natal History of Traditional Leadership Project Final Report March 2011 Gregory F Houston Thamsanqa Mbele Submitted by Human Sciences Research Council Democracy and Governance 750 Francois Road Cato Manor 4041 Project Leaders: Dr G.F.P. Houston (031-242 5520) [email protected] TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction 1.1 Scope of Research 1 1.1.1 Focus 1 1.1.2 What is Being Studied? 1 1.2 The Nature of the Research 3 1.3 Terminological issues 5 1.4 The Structure of the report 7 2. The Research Process 2.1 Phase One of the Project 8 2.1.1 Archival research process 8 2.1.2 The Analysis Workshop 10 2.3 Phase Two of the Project 13 2.4 Phase Three of the project 14 3. Training for Research 3.1 Research and Training Tools 16 3.1.2 Training of Fieldworkers and Data Capturers 16 3.1.2 Research Ethics 17 3.1.3 Nguni Royal respect 17 3.1.4 In-depth Interviewing and Focus Group Facilitation 17 3.1.5 Genealogies 18 3.1.6 Migratory Patterns and Mapping 18 3.1.7 Archival Research, Data Capturing and Other Research Tools 19 3.2 The research and analytical methods 19 3.2.1 Introduction 19 3.2.2 Empirical research 20 3.2.3 Introduction, Interviews and Follow-Ups 29 3.2.4 Non-empirical Research 29 3.3 The Experiences and Challenges 29 3.3.1 Archival Findings: General Observations 30 3.3.2 Interviews 34 4 Traditional Leadership in KwaZulu-Natal: Secondary Literature Review 4.1. Background 37 4.2. Arrival in South Africa and customs 38 4.3. Early African settlements in the eighteenth century 40 4.4. Shaka and the Rise of the Zulu Kingdom 44 4.5. The political structure under Dingane 47 4.6. ‘Native’ policy in the Colony of Natal, 1844-1879 52 4.7. The political structure under Mpande 55 4.8. The political structure under Cetshwayo KaMpande, 1872-1879 58 2 4.9. The destruction of the Zulu Kingdom 61 4.10. Native Policy in Natal, 1870-1887 65 4.11. Zululand under British colonial rule, 1887-1910 66 4.12. The Union of South Africa to the dawn of apartheid, 1910-1948 70 4.13. Policy towards Africans during the apartheid era, 1948-1994 79 5 Historical Background of Traditional Communities 5.1 Introduction 84 5. 2 Kholwa 86 5.2.1 The Abantungwa-Kholwa 87 5.2.2. Khanyile 88 5.2.3 Qoloqolo 89 5.3 Bhekani 90 5.4 Qwabe 91 5.5 Kunene 92 5.6 Ntuli 93 5.7 Lushaba 95 5.8 Hlubi 96 5.9 Khumalo (Amajuba) 98 5.10 Shezi 101 5.11 Chunwini-Mchunu 102 5.12 Mthembu (Zululand) 104 5.13 Embo-Abambo, Embo-Thimuni and Abambo from Maphumulo (Mkhizes) 105 5.14 Mngomezulu (Zululand) 107 5.15 Myeni-Ngwenya 107 5.16 Bhengu 108 5.17 Biyela 109 5.18 The Zondi (Ngome and Nkandla) 112 5.19 Nxamalala 113 5.20 Ndimande 114 5.21 Zulu-Nodunga 115 5.22 Nyuswa 121 5.23 Nxumalo (Umzinyathi) 123 5.24 Madlala (Ugu) 124 5.25 Madzikane (Sisonke) 126 5.26 Molefe (Umzinyathi) 126 5.27 Nkosi 128 5.28 Shabalala 129 5.29 Ndwalane 130 5.30 Nkumbini 131 6 Migratory trends and Typologies of Traditional Leadership 6.1. Introduction 135 6.2 Migration Trends 136 6.2.1 Migration as a consequence of Shaka’s wars 137 3 6.2.2 Migration as a consequence of Dingane 149 6.2.2.1 Bhengu 149 6.2.2.2 Mthiyane 150 6.2.2.3 Bomvu 150 6.2.3 Migration in search of better land 151 6.2.3.1 Sibiya 151 6.2.3.2 Cebekhulu 152 6.2.3.3 Nzimakwe 152 6.2.3.4 Mbhense (Hlanganani) 152 6.2.4. Migration as a result of separation/divisions in the royal family 153 6.2.4.1 Biyela1 (Uthungulu) 153 6.2.4.2 Zungu (Zululand) 154 6.2.4.3 Dlamini-Sub (Sisonke) 154 6.2.4.4 Mdlalose (Umzinyathi) 154 6.2.5 Migration as a consequence of colonial intervention 154 6.2.5.1 Sithole 155 6.2.5.2 Mthuli-Ntuli 155 6.2.5.3 Phephetha-Gwala 156 6.3 A Typology of Amakhosi 156 6.3.1 Zinkumbini, Nsimbini and Zembeni 162 6.3.2 Ubukhosi of the kholwa (Amakholwa societies) 164 7 Succession Principles and Disputes 7.1 Introduction 165 7.2 Succession principles 165 7.3 The main causes of succession disputes 168 7.4 History of succession disputes 171 7.4.1 Disputes arising from the lack of standard succession principles 172 7.4.1.1 Amazizi (Okhahlamba) 172 7.4.2 Disputes arising after the death of an inkosi without male issue 173 7.4.2.1 Ntuli (Ilembe) 173 7.4.2.2 Zungu-Madlebe 175 7.4.3 Disputes arising when the Indlunkulu wife has no male issue 178 7.4.3.1 Dlomo clan (Nkandla, Uthungulu) 178 7.4.4 Disputes arising from the marriage of an inkosi to the daughter of another inkosi 184 7.4.4.1 Hlatswayo (Zululand) 184 7.4.4.2 Mngomezulu 185 7.4.4.3 Myeni-Ngwenya 187 7.4.5 Disputes arising from the customary practice of Ukongena 188 7.4.5.1 Chunwini-Mchunu 188 7.4.5.2 Madlala (Ugu) 190 7.4.6 Disputes arising from the appointment of a successor by the umndeni 7.4.6.1 Mbhense (Hlanganani) 192 7.4.6.2 Ngcolosi (Ndwedwe) 196 7.4.6.3 Ngomezulu 198 4 7.4.7 Disputes arising from the selection of a successor by an inkosi in contradiction to custom 200 7.4.7.1 Tembe 200 7.4.7.2 Mchunu (Uthungulu) 203 7.4.7.3 Mangwe-Butanani 203 7.4.7.4 Mthembu (Zululand) 205 7.4.7.5 Ngcobo (Ilembe) 206 7.4.7.6 Ngome (Umzinyathi) 207 7.4.7.7 Nxamalala 209 7.4.7.8 Nyawo (Umkhanyakude) 212 7.4.8 Disputes arising from the appointment of a female Inkosi/Ibamba 216 7.4.8.1 Cele (Ezingolweni-Ugu) 216 7.4.9 Disputes arising from the selection of the illegitimate son of an inkosi as successor 216 7.4.9.1 Biyela (Mangindini) 216 7.4.9.2 Sobonakhona (Ethekwini) 217 7.4.9.3 Tembe (Ingwavuma) 219 7.4.9.4 Maphumulo (Umbumbulu) 219 7.4.10 Disputes arising in clans without historical customs and traditions 221 7.4.10.1 Dumisa-Izimpethu-Zendlovu 221 7.4.10.2 Khumalo (Amajuba) 224 7.4.11 Disputes arising in non-hereditary clans 225 7.4.11.1 Nkumbini 225 7.4.11.2 Qoloqolo 225 7.4.12 Disputes arising from the loss of royal status 226 7.4.12.1 Zulu-Emandleni clan 226 7.4.12.2 Mthethwa (Zululand) 229 7.4.12.3 Ntshangase (Zululand) 229 7.4.12.4 Sibiya 231 7.4.12.5 Zondi (Uhthungulu) 232 7.5 Conclusion 233 8. The Creation of a Data-Base 235 9. References 238 10. Appendix 1: Copies of Electronic files of traditional communities 245 5 List of Tables Table 1: List of names of Amakhosi/Amabamba: Ugu District 20 Table 2: List of names of Amakhosi/Amabamba: Umgungundlovu District 21 Table 3: List of names of Amakhosi/Amabamba: Uthukela District 22 Table 4: List of names of Amakhosi/Amabamba: Umzinyathi District 23 Table 5: List of names of Amakhosi/Amabamba: Amajuba District 23 Table 6: List of names of Amakhosi/Amabamba: Zululand District 24 Table 7: List of names of Amakhosi/Amabamba: Umkhanyakude District 25 Table 8: List of names of Amakhosi/Amabamba: Uthungulu District 25 Table 9: List of names of Amakhosi/Amabamba: Ilembe District 26 Table 10: List of names of Amakhosi/Amabamba: Sisonke District 27 Table 11: List of names of Amakhosi/Amabamba: Ethekwini District 28 Table 12: Types of Amakhosi 157 Table 13: Hereditary Chiefs and their clans in the Natal Colony, 1852-3 157 Table14: The Thirteen Amakhosi Appointed by Sir Garnet Wolseley in 1879 161 6 Chapter One Introduction 1 Scope of the Research 1.1 Focus The Department of Cooperative Governance and Traditional Affairs (COGTA) in the KwaZulu-Natal Province commissioned research on traditional leadership in KwaZulu- Natal. The aim of the research was to establish a knowledge base on traditional leadership with specific reference to boundaries, local customs and the impact of white rule on ubukhosi. The research was a response to the need expressed by ISilo saKwaZulu to the Department, and to a need identified by the Department itself for the recording of the history of ubukhosi in the Province. From the Department’s point of view this research is important to undertake as a way to enhance its role in supporting traditional leadership with appropriate and accurate information on the history and developments that have impacted on the institution concerned. This research was thus undertaken for three main reasons: To provide information that will help the Department of Cooperative Governance and Traditional Affairs to effectively fulfill its supportive role to traditional leadership in KwaZulu-Natal. To provide a knowledge base on ubukhosi and amakhosi in KwaZulu Natal that may be utilized by: the Zulu Royal House, various government departments, amakhosi of KwaZulu-Natal, researchers and many other relevant stakeholders. To support informed preservation of cultural and customary practices that strengthens the institution of Traditional Leadership. The research team has interpreted the terms of reference such that four mains areas of focus of this history were isolated.