Interactive Color Palette Tools Barbara J. Meier Anne Morgan Spalter David B. Karelitz Department of Computer Science Brown University ABSTRACT Color is fundamental in computer graphics imagery. But despite the importance of good color selection and the difficulty most people have making those color selections, current graphics applications provide only minimal tools for mixing and organizing colors, exploring color combinations, and soliciting historical, theoretical, or expert sources. We developed a new tool set that addresses these needs. The tools are based on artists’ methods, perceptual science, and a task analysis survey we conducted. With these tools, users can quickly experiment with color within the context of their compositions to arrive at deliberate, confident selections. We describe the tools’ rationale, inner workings, and interfaces, and discuss important implementation issues. Keywords Color, user interface, human factors, applications, graphic design. Additional keywords: palette, interactive palette tool. Figure 1: The IPTs in action during creation of an image. 1 INTRODUCTION Color is one of the basic building blocks of image creation, yet We believe that image-makers, from occasional users to many of the computer-based methods for selecting and working professional designers, can use color more effectively if these with colors remain unchanged from their invention two decades kinds of questions can be answered during the creation process. ago. While some advanced color tools have been created for The IPTs are prototype plug-ins to Adobe Illustrator. Here we specific tasks, such as color correction, there are virtually none to briefly introduce them and describe their functions; the details are help users select a set of colors and work with them effectively. presented in section 3. The barriers to development of useful color tools are significant. The Palette Browser IPT provides predefined palettes; reference Color is subjective—culture, prevailing fashions, and individual images on which the predefined palettes are based can be viewed preference can all affect the perceived quality of a color decision with the Image IPT. In order to answer the question “what goes [7, 17]. Since there is no agreed-upon syntax, as with text, a with this color?” palettes can be sorted by a theme color. “color spellchecker” is not possible. In addition, color is an The Composition IPT helps a user decide how to use the colors unusually interdisciplinary field and requires a challenging from a predefined palette in a real composition. It provides a integration of concepts from areas as diverse as art, perceptual scratch area in which to experiment with color scale, location, and science, and psychology [1]. We have integrated core concepts juxtaposition. In addition, users can scroll through examples of from these fields to develop a new tool set, Interactive Palette posters, web pages, and other targeted designs. The Dial-a-Color Tools (IPTs), that can be used by both casual and expert users to IPT generates palettes of two to six colors that look well together aid the task of color selection. With these tools, users can quickly based on color harmony rules. experiment with color within the context of their compositions to With the Gradient Mixer, artists mix colors on a virtual palette to arrive at deliberate, confident selections. create blends. The Grouper displays palettes in a user-selectable The IPTs help users answer routinely-asked questions when using style such as in a color wheel or by increasing value. The Palette color, such as: Breeder generates variations of existing palettes until the user • What goes with this color? finds an optimal one. Designers can explore the effect of how many times a color appears in a piece and in what quantity with • What is a good background or text color? the Frequency Visualizer. Finally, by using the Name IPT, users • What are two (or several) colors that look well together? can look up colors by textual names such as “dark green.” • How can I get a color that is a blend of this green and blue? While each IPT can work as a stand-alone widget, they are linked • How would my design look if I added some purple to it? through shared color sets and reference imagery. An example of • How would my composition look if all the colors were more the IPTs in use is shown in Fig. 1. subdued or lighter? In the following section, we discuss existing tools for • These colors are close to what I want; how I can I get some manipulating color. Next we present the broad foundation for our palettes similar to this one? tools, followed by an in-depth description and discussion of each • Can I find a color like brown by searching for it by name? tool. Finally, we show how the tools could be used choose colors for a poster and conclude with suggestions for continued work. • How can I arrange my swatches so that all the reds are near each other or all the dark colors are together? 1 2 PREVIOUS WORK We asked them to list their gripes about tool performance and Most existing computer-based color tools date back to paint missing functionality, and also to create wish lists of desired programs from the early 1980s. Basic features include methods to features. We refer to specific complaints and suggestions in the select colors from a list of names or swatches, to create new detailed descriptions of the IPTs in section 3.2. swatches, and to save selections for use later. We expand on 3.1.2 Artists’ Theory and Methods current tools using swatches and palettes as the basic building In addition to the survey, we researched whether artists make blocks for exploring how color selections behave in relative color decisions by consulting art theory and instruction books, quantities, locations, juxtapositions, and frequencies. and if so, what aspects of these are helpful. Again in section 3.2, Initially, colors were described with hardware-related, but we discuss how the color wheel, palette organization, predefined unintuitive, RGB coordinates. In 1978, Alvy Ray Smith palettes, thumbnail color studies, and methods for adjusting colors introduced the HSV color space [15] and more recently has are used by artists and supported by the IPTs. proposed HWB, a Hue-Whiteness-Blackness space [16], both of which offer more intuitive ways of choosing colors. We believe 3.1.3 Perception that perceptually based spaces such as Munsell or CIELAB [6] In contrast to the useful but often conditional or conflicting may be easier to work with, and we use such spaces for creating guidelines supplied by artistic theories and survey respondents, swatch sets with our Dial-a-Color tool. the results we used from perceptual sciences are relatively uncontroversial. The most basic result used in our IPTs is that Some more sophisticated color pickers display choices in the form colors are perceived differently depending on the context in which of a color wheel or slice, which is useful to artists and designers they are viewed. Although this has long been an important tenet familiar with this presentation. However, almost none allow users of artistic color theory, it is also supported by scientific to identify commonly used geometries that describe color experimentation. A tool that displays colors in isolation or in relationships such as complements or triads. One exception is Hot groupings unrelated to one’s image not only fails to provide all Door’s Harmony Color Picker, a plug-in for Adobe Photoshop. the necessary information but also can be significantly Although a move in the right direction, Harmony is limited in that misleading. We addressed this by providing both solid and it confines color selection to a planar slice of HSV space. Our gradient background options in our IPTs, and by giving users Dial-a-Color IPT allows both non-planar combinations and a control over swatch shape, position, and scale (the lack of which selection of color spaces with which to work. was a subject of complaint in our survey). The Gradient Mixer borrows ideas from Electronic Art’s Studio 8 (no longer available). Studio 8 provided a mixing area in which 3.2 The Tools colors could be hand-blended in a painterly fashion. 3.2.1 Palette Browser Several applications offer Pantone™-based or other standardized The IPTs are coordinated through a Palette Browser (Fig. 2) that palettes, which are especially useful for translating designs to displays named palettes. In our implementation, a drop-down other media. Some provide palettes linked with designs, such as arrow lets the user hide or show each associated palette. Large presentation graphics templates in Microsoft PowerPoint. Our swatch sets are displayed on multiple lines. color sets, based on graphic design and fine art, augment those Respondents to the survey mentioned using palette books such as already found in common applications. At the other end of the [17] as a way to find color sets without having to create them spectrum are systems that generate functional color sets for from scratch. The Palette Browser is not a new idea, but existing specific applications such as map-making [8, 18], or by using versions are often tied to a particular task such as creating algorithmic or expert and intelligent systems such as [2, 11, 13], presentation slides. We enhanced our version with the nudger but these systems give the user little control. Our tools address the feature, the ability to sort palettes by a theme color, and the middle ground between the automated research systems and corresponding reference imagery available in the Image and predetermined commercial solutions. Composition tools which are described below. 3 INTERACTIVE PALETTE TOOLS With the nudger, users can modify all colors in a palette simultaneously, making them lighter or darker, or more or less 3.1 Practical and Theoretical Basis saturated.