2002 i The International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) was established in 1960 by the Ford and Rockefeller Foundations with the help and approval of the Govern- ment of the Philippines. Today IRRI is one of 16 nonprofit international re- search centers supported by the Consultative Group on International Agricul- tural Research (CGIAR). The CGIAR membership comprises Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development donors, international and regional or- ganizations, and private foundations. 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By integrating knowledge in the fields of genetics and reproduction, crop pro- tection, crop ecology, and agricultural systems, the institute offers a host of fresh perspectives to industry and public institutions, agriculture, horticulture, and agroecosystems linked to landscape and nature development. From genes through to ecosystems, the entire research chain for plants and their environ- ment is covered by one dedicated institute, an organization committed to meet- ing the needs of the market in the broadest possible sense. Copyright International Rice Research Institute 2002 Mailing address: DAPO Box 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines Phone: (63-2) 845-0563, 844-3351 to 53 Fax: (63-2) 891-1292, 845-0606 Email: [email protected] Home page: www.irri.org Riceweb: www.riceweb.org Riceworld: www.riceworld.org Courier address: Suite 1009, Pacific Bank Building 6776 Ayala Avenue, Makati City, Philippines Tel. (63-2) 891-1236, 891-1174, 891-1258, 891-1303 Suggested citation: Bouman BAM, Hengsdijk H, Hardy B, Bindraban PS, Tuong TP, Ladha JK, editors. 2002. Water-wise rice production. Proceedings of the International Work- shop on Water-wise Rice Production, 8-11 April 2002, Los Baños, Philippines. Los Baños (Philippines): International Rice Research Institute. 356 p. Cover design: Juan Lazaro IV Print production coordinator: George R. Reyes Layout and design: Ariel Paelmo Figures and illustrations: Ariel Paelmo ii ISBN 971-22-0182-1 Contents FOREWORD VII ACKNOWLEDGMENTS IX Intermittent irrigation Effects of different water management practices on rice growth 3 Qinghua Shi, Xiaochun Zeng, Muying Li, Xueming Tan, and Fengfeng Xu The effects of irrigation management on yield and water productivity 15 of inbred, hybrid, and aerobic rice varieties G. Lu, R. Cabangon, T.P. Tuong, P. Belder, B.A.M. Bouman, and E. Castillo Synopsis of water management experiments in Indonesia 29 A. Gani, A. Rahman, Dahono, Rustam, H. Hengsdijk Biophysical and economic implications of integrated crop 39 and resource management for rice in Indonesia I.P. Wardana, P.S. Bindraban, A. Gani, A.K. Makarim, and Irsal Las Water use of alternately submerged and nonsubmerged irrigated lowland rice 51 P. Belder, B.A.M. Bouman, J.H.J. Spiertz, Lu Guoan, and E.J.P. Quilang Water management of rice in southern New South Wales, Australia 63 J.A. Thompson System of Rice Intensification (SRI) Reducing water use in irrigated rice production with the Madagascar 71 System of Rice Intensification N. Uphoff and R. Randriamiharisoa Farmer implementation of alternate wet-dry and nonflooded irrigation 89 practices in the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) O.V. McHugh, T.S. Steenhuis, J. Barison, E.C.M. Fernandes, and N.T. Uphoff The System of Rice Intensification in practice: explaining low farmer 103 adoption and high disadoption in Madagascar C.M. Moser and C.B. Barrett Effects of SRI practices on hybrid rice performance in Tamil Nadu, India 119 T.M. Thiyagarajan, V. Velu, S. Ramasamy, D. Durgadevi, K. Govindarajan, R. Priyadarshini, C. Sudhalakshmi, K. Senthilkumar, P.T. Nisha, G. Gayathry, H. Hengsdijk, and P.S. Bindraban iii System of Rice Intensification (SRI): evaluation of seedling age 129 and selected components in Indonesia A.K. Makarim, V. Balasubramanian, Z. Zaini, I. Syamsiah, I.G.P.A. Diratmadja, Handoko, Arafah, I.P. Wardana, and A. Gani Aerobic rice Aerobic rice in northern China: opportunities and challenges 143 Wang Huaqi, B.A.M. Bouman, Dule Zhao, Wang Changgui, and P.F. Moya Yield of aerobic rice (Han Dao) under different water regimes 155 in North China Yang Xiaoguang, Wang Huaqi, Wang Zhimin, Zhao Junfang, Chen Bin, and B.A.M. Bouman The potential of aerobic rice to reduce water use in water-scarce 165 irrigated lowlands in the tropics A.R. Castañeda, B.A.M. Bouman, S. Peng, and R.M. Visperas Crop-water responses of aerobically grown rice: preliminary results 177 of pot experiments J. Nieuwenhuis, B.A.M. Bouman, and A. Castañeda The ground-cover rice production system (GCRPS): a successful 187 new approach to save water and increase nitrogen fertilizer efficiency? Shan Lin, K. Dittert, Hongbin Tao, C. Kreye, Yangchu Xu, Qirong Shen, Xiaolin Fan, and B. Sattelmacher Saving water with ground-cover rice production systems (GCRPS) 197 at the price of increased greenhouse gas emissions? K. Dittert, Lin Shan, C. Kreye, Zheng Xunhua, Xu Yangchun, Lu Xuejuan, Huang Yao, Shen Qirong, Fan Xiaolin, and B. Sattelmacher Rice-wheat Adopting conservation agriculture in the rice-wheat system of the 207 Indo-Gangetic Plains: new opportunities for saving water R.K. Gupta, R.K. Naresh, P.R. Hobbs, and J.K. Ladha Crop-water relations in rice-wheat cropping under different tillage 223 systems and water-management practices in a marginally sodic, medium-textured soil P.K. Sharma, Lav Bhushan, J.K. Ladha, R.K. Naresh, R.K. Gupta, B.V. Balasubramanian, and B.A.M. Bouman Effects of rice establishment methods on crop performance, 237 water use, and mineral nitrogen A.K. Singh, B.U. Choudhury, and B.A.M. Bouman Physiology and breeding Physiological characterization of rice grown under different 249 water management systems Weixing Cao, Dong Jiang, Shaohua Wang, Yongchao Tian Requirements for aerobic rice: physiological and molecular 259 considerations H.R. Lafitte and J. Bennett iv Developing and testing rice varieties for water-saving systems 275 in the tropics G.N. Atlin and H.R. Lafitte Irrigation systems Field-level water savings in the Zhanghe Irrigation System and 287 the impact at the system level R. Loeve, B. Dong, and D. Molden Modeling approaches to quantify the water balance in 307 groundwater-dominant irrigation systems: an example of Rechna Doab, Pakistan S. Khan, K. Ullah, E. Christen, and H. M. Nafees Options for regional water savings and reallocation 321 W.N.M. van der Krogt and R.J. Verhaeghe The effects of pumping on water use and profitability in dry-season 333 rice: a case study in UPRIIS, Philippines P.F. Moya, D. Dawe, and S. Valencia Estimation of spatially distributed evapotranspiration through remote 347 sensing: a case study for irrigated rice in the Philippines M.M. Hafeez, Y. Chemin, B.A.M. Bouman, and N. van De Giesen Technology transfer for water savings in the Philippines— IRRI-NIA-PhilRice (MPEG version—CD-ROM, 18 April 2002) B.A.M. Bouman, D.F. Tabbal, R.A. Lampayan, R.V. Cuyno, M.B. Quiamco (IRRI), V.R. Vicmudo, T.M. Norte, A.T. Lactaoen (NIA), E.J.P. Quilang and J.L. de Dios (PhilRice) v vi Foreword Food security in Asia is challenged by increasing food demand and threatened by declining water availability. More than 75% of the annual rice supply comes from 79 million ha of irrigated paddy land. Thus, the present and future food security of Asia depends largely on the irrigated rice production system. However, rice is a profligate user of water. It takes 3,000–5,000 liters to produce 1 kilogram of rice, which is about 2 to 3 times more than to produce 1 kilogram of other cereals such as wheat or maize. Until recently, this amount of water has been taken for granted. Now, however, the water crisis threatens the sustainability of the irrigated rice ecosystem. In Asia, 17 million ha of irrigated rice areas may experience “physical water scarcity” and 22 million ha “economic water scarcity” by 2025. To safeguard food security and pre- serve precious water resources, ways must be explored to grow rice using less water. Various studies are under way to develop water-saving technologies for rice produc- tion, and there is a need to take stock and review the progress. IRRI, together with Plant Research International of Wageningen University and Research Centre (WUR-PRI; The Netherlands), organized a thematic workshop on Water-Wise Rice Production held 8-11 April 2002 at IRRI, Los Baños, Philippines. The objectives were to present and discuss the state-of-the-art in the development, dissemination, and adoption of water-saving technologies at spatial scales ranging from the field to irrigation system. The workshop brought together scientists and irrigation system managers from several consortia and projects examining water scar- city in rice production: the Water Workgroup of the Irrigated Rice Research Consor- tium, the Rice-Wheat Consortium, and the projects “Water-less Rice,” Growing More Rice with Less Water,” and “Ground Cover Rice Production Systems.” In total, there were 75 participants from 12 countries. At the workshop, the participants created the International Platform for Saving Water in Rice (IPSWAR; www.irri.org/ipswar/ about_us/ipswar.htm). The platform’s purpose is to be a mechanism to increase the efficiency and enhance the coherence of research on water savings in rice-based crop- ping systems in Asia.