Hindi-Urdu Phrase Structure Annotation Guidelines Version 0.2 (Reorganized for Joint PS-DS Guidelines) Rajesh Bhatt, with Annahita Farudi and Owen Rambow [email protected] November 10, 2013 2 Contents I General Introduction 11 1 General Introduction 13 II Orthography, Morphology, and Parts of Speech 15 2 Tokenization 17 3 Parts of Speech 19 3.1 Introduction . 19 3.2 Objective . 20 3.3 Some Assumptions . 20 3.4 Issues in Tag Set Design . 20 3.4.1 Fineness vs Coarseness . 21 3.4.2 Syntactic Function vs Lexical Category . 22 3.4.3 New Tags vs Tags from a Standard Tagger . 22 3.5 POS tags Chosen for the Current Scheme . 23 3.5.1 Nouns, Nominals, Postpositions, and Pronouns . 23 3.5.2 Verbs . 27 3.5.3 JJ: Adjective . 30 3.5.4 RB: Adverb . 30 3.5.5 RP: Particle . 31 3.5.6 CC: Conjuncts (co-ordinating and subordinating) . 31 3.5.7 QF: Quantifiers . 32 3.5.8 QC: Cardinals . 32 3.5.9 QO: Ordinals . 32 3.5.10 INTF: Intensifier . 32 3 4 CONTENTS 3.5.11 INJ: Interjection . 33 3.5.12 NEG: Negative . 33 3.5.13 UT: Quotative . 33 3.5.14 SYM: Special Symbol . 33 3.5.15 XC: Compounds . 33 3.5.16 RDP: Reduplication . 34 3.5.17 ECH: Echo words . 35 3.5.18 UNK: Unknown . 35 3.6 Some Special Cases . 36 3.6.1 vAlA-type constructions . 36 3.6.2 Honorifics in Indian languages . 37 3.6.3 Foreign words . 37 3.7 A Special Note . 37 3.8 Chunk Tags Chosen for the Current Scheme . 38 3.8.1 Definition of a chunk . 39 3.8.2 Some Special Cases . 45 3.9 Annotation Procedure . 47 3.10 Conclusion . 47 3.11 References . 47 3.12 Acknowledgements . 48 3.13 Table of POS Tags . 48 III Introduction: Syntax 53 4 Introduction to Syntactic Annotation 55 4.1 Background . 55 5 Introduction: Phrase Structure Annotation 57 5.1 General Background . 57 5.2 Representational Issues . 58 5.3 The Representation of Arguments . 58 5.3.1 Background: The Representation of Arguments . 60 5.4 Summary of Phrase Markers Used in PS . 63 CONTENTS 5 6 Comparison Between the Levels of Representation 65 IV Verbs and Their Arguments 67 7 Transitive Verbs 69 7.1 The First Argument . 69 7.1.1 Simple Transitives . 69 7.2 The Second Position . 70 7.2.1 Transitives . 71 7.3 Background . 72 7.3.1 Background: the First Argument . 72 7.3.2 Background: the Lower Argument . 75 8 Intransitives 77 8.1 Unergatives . 77 8.2 Unaccusatives . 78 8.3 Background . 80 9 Dative Constructions 81 9.1 General Observations on Datives . 81 9.2 Ditransitives . 81 9.3 Dative Subject Constructions . 83 10 Clausal Complementation 85 10.1 Non-Finite Complements . 85 10.2 Finite Complements and Extraposition . 87 10.3 Missing Subject with Predicative Adjective and ki Complement Clause . 91 10.4 Result Clauses . 92 10.5 Background: Clausal Complementation . 94 10.5.1 Finite Complements and Extraposition . 94 11 Existentials, Possessives, and Locatives 95 11.1 Summary . 95 11.2 Existentials . 96 11.3 Locative Possessives . 98 6 CONTENTS 11.4 Non-Locative Possession . 99 11.4.1 Inalienable Possession . 99 11.4.2 Experiencer Possession . 103 11.5 Background: The Definiteness Effect and Exceptions . 104 12 Non-Verbal Predicates 107 12.1 Predicative Use of Nouns, Adjectives, and Postpositions . 107 12.2 Adjectival Predicates with Eventive Meaning . 109 12.3 Non-Verbal Nominal Predicates with ban/banaa `become/make' . 111 13 Adjuncts: Instrument, Source, Location 115 13.1 Adverbs . 116 14 Clausal Adjuncts 117 14.1 General . 117 14.2 Participial Adjunct Clauses . 118 14.2.1 Gerunds . 122 15 Negation 125 15.1 Sentential Negation . 125 15.2 Constituent Negation . 127 16 Auxiliaries 129 V Types of Clauses and Word Order in Clauses 131 17 Passive Voice 133 18 Causativization 135 18.1 Initial Non-Binary Branching Analysis . 136 18.2 Revised Binary Branching Analysis . 137 18.3 Transitivity Alternations that we do Not Handle . 147 19 Clausal Modifiers of Nouns 149 19.1 English Style Headed Relative Clauses . 150 19.2 Correlatives . 152 CONTENTS 7 19.3 Participial Relative Clauses . 155 19.4 vaalaa Modifiers of Nouns . 157 20 Light Verb Constructions 161 20.1 Linguistic Description . 161 20.2 A Typology of Light Verb Constructions . 162 20.2.1 No External Argument, Internal Argument has Nominal Case . 162 20.2.2 No External Argument, Internal Argument has Clausal Case . 163 20.2.3 External Argument, Internal Argument has Nominal Case . 164 20.2.4 External Argument, Internal Argument has Clausal Case . 165 20.3 Dative Arguments associated with Event Nominals . 166 20.4 Light Verb Constructions with Foreign Eventive Expressions . 169 20.5 Placement of Negation . 170 20.6 Pronominal Predicates with Extraposed Clause . 172 20.7 Non-Finite Complement Clauses . 173 20.8 Small Clauses . 174 20.9 Finite Complement Clauses . 175 20.10Result Clauses . 176 20.11Conditionals . 177 21 Local Scrambling 179 22 Cross-clausal Scrambling 183 23 `Rightward' Scrambling 189 VI Noun Phrases and Other Phrases 191 24 Postpositional Phrases 193 24.1 Linguistic Description . 193 24.1.1 True Postpositions (P) . 193 24.1.2 Spatio-Temporal Nouns (NST) . 195 24.2 PS Analysis . 196 24.2.1 True Postpositions (P) . 196 24.2.2 Spatio-Temporal Nouns (NST) . 198 8 CONTENTS 25 Nominal Phrases 199 25.1 Structure of Noun Phrases . ..