APPRAISAL OF SUSTAINABILITY: AIRPORTS NATIONAL POLICY STATEMENT DEPARTMENT FOR TRANSPORT JUNE 2018 APPRAISAL OF SUSTAINABILITY: AIRPORTS NATIONAL POLICY STATEMENT Department for Transport Project no: 70030195 Date: June 2018 WSP The Forum Barnfield Road Exeter EX1 1QR Tel: (01392) 229700 www.wsp.com 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS FOR NON-TECHNICAL SUMMARY – SEE SEPARATE DOCUMENT 1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................ 11 1.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 11 1.2 BACKGROUND ................................................................................................ 11 1.3 THE PROPOSED POLICY: AIRPORTS .......................................................... 12 1.4 THE APPRAISAL OF SUSTAINABILITY (AOS) ............................................. 13 1.5 REQUIREMENTS OF THE SEA DIRECTIVE .................................................. 14 2 AIRPORTS NPS ......................................................................... 17 2.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 17 2.2 THE AIRPORTS COMMISSION ....................................................................... 17 2.3 GOVERNMENT POLICY ON AIRPORTS ........................................................ 17 3 APPRAISAL METHODOLOGY .................................................. 22 3.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 22 3.2 STAGE A: SCOPING ........................................................................................ 23 3.3 STAGE B: DEVELOPING AND REFINING ALTERNATIVES AND ASSESSING EFFECTS .................................................................................... 24 3.4 STAGE C: PREPARE THE AOS REPORT ..................................................... 30 3.5 STAGE D: CONSULTATION ON THE AOS REPORT .................................... 31 3.6 STAGE E: POST ADOPTION AND MONITORING ......................................... 33 3.7 RELATIONSHIP WITH OTHER PROCESSES ................................................ 33 4 SUSTAINABILITY CONTEXT AND APPRAISAL FRAMEWORK ............................................................................ 35 4.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 35 4.2 BASELINE ........................................................................................................ 35 4.3 POLICIES, PLANS AND PROGRAMMES ....................................................... 35 4.4 SUSTAINABILITY ISSUES .............................................................................. 37 4 4.5 APPRAISAL FRAMEWORK ............................................................................ 39 5 DEVELOPMENT OF ALTERNATIVES ...................................... 45 5.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 45 5.2 DEFINING REASONABLE ALTERNATIVES .................................................. 45 5.3 PHASE 1 – IDENTIFYING A ‘LONG LIST’ OF SCHEMES ............................. 46 5.4 PHASE 2 – SHORT LIST OF SCHEMES......................................................... 51 5.5 ALTERNATIVE SCHEMES TO BE ASSESSED ............................................. 53 5.6 FORECAST SCENARIOS ................................................................................ 62 6 APPRAISAL OF ALTERNATIVES ............................................. 64 6.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 64 6.2 SUMMARY OF APPRAISAL ............................................................................ 64 6.3 COMMUNITY .................................................................................................... 69 6.4 QUALITY OF LIFE ............................................................................................ 71 6.5 ECONOMY ........................................................................................................ 72 6.6 NOISE ............................................................................................................... 75 6.7 BIODIVERSITY ................................................................................................. 79 6.8 SOIL .................................................................................................................. 82 6.9 WATER ............................................................................................................. 82 6.10 AIR QUALITY ................................................................................................... 85 6.11 CARBON ........................................................................................................... 87 6.12 RESOURCES & WASTE .................................................................................. 91 6.13 HISTORIC ENVIRONMENT ............................................................................. 92 6.14 LANDSCAPE .................................................................................................... 93 6.15 CUMULATIVE EFFECTS ................................................................................. 95 7 ASSESSMENT OF PREFERRED SCHEME: HEATHROW NORTH WEST RUNWAY ................................... 103 7.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................. 103 5 7.2 HOW THE AOS WAS TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT IN DEVELOPING THE NPS ........................................................................................................ 103 7.3 REASONS FOR SELECTION OF THE PREFERRED SCHEME AND REJECTION OF ALTERNATIVES ........................................................ 104 7.4 SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT EFFECTS: PREFERRED SCHEME ............. 106 7.5 MITIGATION AND ENHANCEMENT ............................................................. 123 7.6 MONITORING ................................................................................................. 143 8 NEXT STEPS ........................................................................... 149 8.1 DEVELOPMENT OF THE AIRPORTS NPS .................................................. 149 8.2 WHAT WILL HAPPEN NEXT ......................................................................... 149 TABLES TABLE 1.1: SEA REGULATIONS AND THE AOS ................................................ 14 TABLE 3.1: SUMMARY OF SCOPING ACTIVITIES UNDERTAKEN ................... 23 TABLE 3.2: TERMS USED TO IDENTIFY AND DESCRIBE SIGNIFICANT EFFECTS IN THE AOS .............................................. 26 TABLE 3.3: IDENTIFICATION OF SIGNIFICANT EFFECTS IN THE AOS .................................................................................................... 27 TABLE 3.4: SUMMARY OF ADDITIONAL STUDIES UNDERTAKEN FOR THE AOS ................................................................................... 30 TABLE 3.5: SUMMARY OF CONSULTATION ...................................................... 32 TABLE 3.6: RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE AOS AND OTHER PROCESSES ..................................................................................... 33 TABLE 4.1: KEY SUSTAINABILITY ISSUES IDENTIFIED FOR THE AOS .................................................................................................... 37 TABLE 4.2: APPRAISAL OF SUSTAINABILITY FRAMEWORK ........................... 41 TABLE 5.1: HIERARCHY OF ALTERNATIVES .................................................... 45 TABLE 5.2: LONG TERM SCHEMES CRITERIA ................................................. 47 TABLE 5.3: LGW-2R RELATED SURFACE ACCESS ENHANCEMENTS ............................................................................. 58 TABLE 5.4: LHR-NWR RELATED SURFACE ACCESS ENHANCEMENTS ............................................................................. 59 TABLE 5.5: LHR-ENR RELATED SURFACE ACCESS ENHANCEMENTS ............................................................................. 60 TABLE 6.1: SUMMARY OF APPRAISAL OF ALTERNATIVES ............................ 65 TABLE 6.2: PRESENT VALUE (PV) OF ECONOMIC BENEFITS, £ BILLION, 2014 PRICES ..................................................................... 73 TABLE 6.3 LOCAL EMPLOYMENT GROWTH PROJECTIONS PROVIDED BY THE AC AND THE DFT ............................................ 74 6 TABLE 6.4: SUMMARY OF RESULTS OF DFT ASSESSMENT OF EMISSIONS (EXPRESSED AS CHANGE IN MTCO2 OVER THE APPRAISAL PERIOD) FOR EACH SCHEME UNDER CENTRAL DEMAND FORECAST FOR BOTH CARBON- CAPPED (CC) AND CARBON-TRADED (CT) SCENARIOS. ........... 88 TABLE 6.5: POTENTIAL CUMULATIVE EFFECTS OF SCHEMES FOR THE NPS ............................................................................................ 96 TABLE 7.1: RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE AIRPORTS NPS AND THE AOS .......................................................................................... 103 TABLE 7.2: LHR-NWR SUMMARY OF ANNUAL EMISSIONS OVER APPRAISAL PERIOD UNDER CARBON-CAPPED AND CARBON-TRADED SCENARIOS (CENTRAL DEMAND SCENARIO) ...................................................................................... 120 TABLE 7.3: MITIGATION FOR SIGNIFICANT EFFECTS FOR LHR- NWR ................................................................................................. 124 TABLE 7.4: MONITORING OF SIGNIFICANT OR UNCERTAIN EFFECTS FOR LHR-NWR ............................................................... 144 FIGURES