Science Horizon Volume 4 Issue 1 January, 2019 President, Odisha Bigyan Academy Editorial Board Prof. (Dr.) Pramod Chandra Mishra Prof. Niranjan Barik Editor Prof. Ramesh Chandra Parida Er. Mayadhar Swain Dr. Choudhury Satyabrata Nanda Managing Editor Dr. Prafulla Kumar Bhanja Dr. Rajballav Mohanty Secretary, Odisha Bigyan Academy Dr. Nilambar Biswal CONTENTS Subject Author Page 1. Editorial : Paris Agrement and India Er. Mayadhar Swain 2 2. Cutting Short Methane Emission from Ruminants Prof. (Dr.) Ramesh chandra Parida 4 3. Indias Chemistry Challenges for Science & Technology Rabinarayan Panigrahi 6 4. Sound, Music & Noise Prof. Dr. Saileswar Nanda 11 5. Neutron Star Ashok Kumar Upadhyaya 14 6. The Priceless Beach Sand - Lifeblood for Kalpakkam Prof. Suresh Mohapatra 15 7. Dragon Fruit Cultivation in Odisha Miss Subhrajyoti Mishra 18 Dr. Dilip Kumar Dash 8. Status, Conservation and Future of Endangered Blackbuck, Dr. Sudhakar Kar 24 Antilope Cervicapra of Odisha 9. Story of Cyclones Nikunja Bihari Sahu 29 10. An eminent Indian Scientist : Sir Jagadish Chandra Bose Binod Chandra Jena 32 11. Cancer of the Larynx Dr. Kalyanee Dash 35 12. Recent Advances in Medical Science : An Overview Dr. Choudhury Satyabrata Nanda 38 13. Innovation Dr. Sunita Chand 41 Dr.Pranab Kumar Ghosh 14. Quiz : Computer Soumyaranjan Das 47 The Cover Page depicts : Cancer of the Larynx Cover Design : Kalakar Sahoo neutron star JANUARY, 2019 EDITORIAL PARIS AGREEMENT AND INDIA Global warming is now the most debatable has been of great importance. Before industrial environmental issue in the world. Slowly the evolution around 1750, amount of CO in the 2 temperature of the Earth is increasing and it has atmosphere was 280 ppm (parts per million). a great deteriorating effect. The World When industries came, more coal was burned Metrological Organisations (WMO) statement emitting more CO to the atmosphere. Earlier 2 on the status of the climate 2015, suggests that whatever CO was produced, it was absorbed 2 average global temperature increased by 0.760 by plants and hence its amount was constant in C as compared to 1961-1990 average. the atmosphere. But it was no longer possible Agricultural scientists have found out that for due to two reasons, one being burning of more each degree of temperature increase, grain coals and the second being reduction of forest yields decline by about 5%. It has been estimated area. As a result, amount of CO in the 2 that maize, wheat and other major crops have atmosphere started increasing year by year experienced significant yield reduction at the and now it has reached to 405 ppm. global level of 40 megatons per year between Thermal power stations and 1981 and 2002 due to warmer climate. Due to transportation system are the major rise of temperature, ice in the poles and high contributors to the emission of CO to the 2 mountains has started melting. Due to this the atmosphere. Burning of coal produces about a mean sea level is gradually rising, which will billion tons of CO each year, about 70% of 2 submerge the small islands and low lying coastal this being from power generation. It is known areas. This may affect thousands of people that CO emission from thermal power stations 2 throughout the world. From 1901 to 2010, the account for 50% of the world total of over 36 global average sea level rose by 19 cm as billion tons of total emissions. oceans expanded due to warming and melting People became aware of the harmful of ice. The Arctics sea ice extent has shrunk in effect of the global warming and climate every successive decade since 1979, with 1.07 change in the 1980s. Then different countries million square kilometre of ice loss every gathered to find a solution for this. Many decade. Another harmful effect of global international conferences were held in different warming is climate change, which may cause parts of the world and discussions were held floods, cyclones, famines etc. to limit the global temperature rise and Some gases, collectively called green formulated some regulations. As CO emission 2 house gases (GHG) cause global warming and is linked to the industrial production and climate change. These are carbon dioxide economy of a country, many countries initially (CO ), methane, nitrous oxide, ozone and water were reluctant to curb the emission of CO . 2 2 vapour. Out of these gases, the impact of CO 2 But environment is more important and so is more as it is emitted to the atmosphere in with much persuasion they agreed for this. large amount and hence control of its emission The International Panel on Climate Change 2 Science Horizon JANUARY, 2019 (IPCC) found that if the global average additional carbon sink of 2.5 billion to 3 billion temperature would not exceed pre-industrial tons of CO equivalent through increasing forest 2 levels by more than 20C, then global CO and tree over by 2030. 2 emission must be reduced between 50-85 % Like most other countries, the main by 2050. source of GHG emission in India is thermal In December 2015, representatives of power plants. Coal is sufficiently available in different countries attended the Paris Climate our country and it is also cheap, so nearly 65% Conference and some concrete proposals have of total electricity generation in India comes been agreed there. The proposal is known as from thermal power. Now as per Indias Paris Agreement. The agreement came into commitment to Paris Agreement, it has to force on 4 November 2016. As of November develop renewable sources of power, which are 2018, 194 countries and the European Union pollution free. India has already taken some have signed the agreement. 183 countries and definite steps in this direction. It has announced the European Union, representing more than clean energy targets of 175 gigawatts (GW) 87% of global GHG emissions, have ratified or which includes 100 GW of solar, 60 GW of accepted the agreement. It was decided to limit wind and 15 GW of other renewables by 2022. the global temperature rise to 20 C above pre- India will now depend mainly on solar energy industrial level and make efforts to limit it to for future electricity. Government is even 1.50 C. In the agreement there is no binding implementing Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar for any country regarding the amount of Mission with a target of achieving 100,000 reduction of CO , but each country will MW by 2022 and by December 2018, the 2 determine, plan and regularly report its installed capacity of solar power is 24021.66 contribution to mitigate global warming, which MW. From all sources, the total renewable is known as Intended Nationally Determined power capacity is now 72012.81 MW which is Contribution (INDC). 20.74 percent of the total installed capacity in India has signed the Paris Agreement on the country. India has started Green India October 2, 2016 and has committed to take Mission for restoring forest cover. This mission effective action in support of the agreement. targets 33% of Indias land mass for forest and India is the fastest growing major economy in tree cover while the current area under forest is the world now. It is the third largest green 23%. The mission now works on 6 million house gas emitter after China and the USA. It hectares of degraded forest land. Government accounts for 6.81% of global emissions of of India has taken another important decision green house gases. But per capita emission of to reduce emissions from transport sector. It CO in India is much less than many other has announced that no diesel or petrol power 2 countries. Still India has taken many actions to vehicle would be sold in India after 2030 and reduce emission of CO . As per Paris Electric Vehicle (EV) will dominate the roads. 2 Agreement, India has committed (a) to reduce India is set to take a global leadership position energy emissions intensity by 30% to 35% for mitigating global warming and climate from 2005 levels by 2030, (b) to increase the change. share of non-fossil fuel energy to 40% of Er. Mayadhar Swain Indias energy mix by 2030 and (c) to create an Editor Science Horizon 3 JANUARY, 2019 CUTTING SHORT methane by the activities like agriculture, METHANE livestock, paddy cultivation, burning of fossil EMISSION FROM fuels and other biomass, waste disposal RUMINANTS practices, landfills, coal mining and natural gas mining and distribution, its natural sources Prof. (Dr) Ramesh Chandra Parida are wet lands, oceans, rivers, lakes, estuaries, When we think about global warming gas hydrates, vegetation, wild fire etc. (Table- and its devastating consequences including 1) climate change, the villain that first comes to Table 1 : Major sources of methane our mind is carbon dioxide, the number one emission (source:IPCC) green house gas. However there are also some Source Quantity (Mt/ Year) others, which significantly contribute it and the most important among those is methane. Wetland 115 Considered as the number two, it makes about Paddy cultivation 100 15% contribution to green house effect (carbon dioxide 67%, nitric oxide -5% and ozone, Ruminants 80 chloro-fluoro carbon and others 13%) and Energy generation 75 is about 25 to 27 times more potent than Biomass burning 55 carbon dioxide. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Land fills 40 (IPCC), the atmospheric concentration of Waste treatment 25 methane has doubled in the last two centuries and is increasing annually at an average rate of Termites 20 1%. Since the 19th century it has gone up from Oceans 10 700 parts per billion (ppb) to 1840 ppb now, Hydrates 5 which is more than 2.5 times higher than the pre-industrial era.