Florida Historical Quarterly Volume 76 Number 3 Florida Historical Quarterly, Volume Article 1 76, Number 3 1997 Florida Historical Quarterly, Volume 76, Number 3 Florida Historical Society [email protected] Find similar works at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/fhq University of Central Florida Libraries http://library.ucf.edu This Full Issue is brought to you for free and open access by STARS. It has been accepted for inclusion in Florida Historical Quarterly by an authorized editor of STARS. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Recommended Citation Society, Florida Historical (1997) "Florida Historical Quarterly, Volume 76, Number 3," Florida Historical Quarterly: Vol. 76 : No. 3 , Article 1. Available at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/fhq/vol76/iss3/1 Society: Florida Historical Quarterly, Volume 76, Number 3 Published by STARS, 1997 1 Florida Historical Quarterly, Vol. 76 [1997], No. 3, Art. 1 COVER The fishing industry remained an important part of Apalachicola’s economy at the turn of the century and inspired many of the money-making schemes of eclectic author-lecturer-poet-preacher William Lee Popham. Photograph courtesy of Florida State Archives, Tallahassee. https://stars.library.ucf.edu/fhq/vol76/iss3/1 2 Society: Florida Historical Quarterly, Volume 76, Number 3 The Quarterly Volume LXXVI, Number 3 Winter 1998 The Florida Historical Quarterly (ISSN 0015-4113) is published quarterly by the Flor- ida Historical Society, 1320 Highland Avenue, Melbourne, FL 32935, and is printed by E.O. Painter Printing Co., DeLeon Springs, FL. Second-class postage paid at Tampa, FL, and at additional mailing office. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to the Florida Historical Quarterly, 1320 Highland Avenue, Melbourne, FL 32935. Copyright 1997 by the Florida Historical Society, Melbourne, Florida. Published by STARS, 1997 3 Florida Historical Quarterly, Vol. 76 [1997], No. 3, Art. 1 THE FLORIDA HISTORICAL QUARTERLY Kari Frederickson, Editor Samuel Proctor, Editor Emeritus Nancy Rauscher, Editorial Assistant Imar DaCunha, Graduate Assistant EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD Raymond O. Arsenault, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg William S. Coker, University of West Florida David R. Colburn, University of Florida James B. Crooks, University of North Florida Kathleen Deagan, University of Florida Wayne Flynt, Auburn University Michael V. Gannon, University of Florida Maxine D. Jones, Florida State University Harry A. Kersey, Jr., Florida Atlantic University Jane Landers, Vanderbilt University Eugene Lyon, Flagler College John K. Mahon, University of Florida Raymond A. Mohl, University of Alabama at Birmingham Gary R. Mormino, University of South Florida Theda Perdue, University of Kentucky Gerald E. Poyo, St. Mary’s University Joe M. Richardson, Florida State University William W. Rogers, Florida State University Daniel L. Schafer, University of North Florida Correspondence concerning contribution, books for review, and all editorial matters should be addressed to the Editor, Florida Historical Quarterly, Department of History, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816-1350. The Quarterly is interested in articles and documents pertaining to the history of Florida. Sources, style, footnote form, originality of material and interpretation, clarity of thought, and interest of readers are considered. All copy should be dou- ble spaced and about 25 pages or 6,000 words. Footnotes are to be numbered con- secutively in the text. Documentation should conform to The Chicago Manual of Style. THE AUTHOR SHOULD SUBMIT AN ORIGINAL AND A PHOTOCOPY, RETAINING A COPY FOR SECURITY. Authors are also asked to submit articles on a diskette in IBM WordPerfect 5.1. The Florida Historical Society and the editor of the Florida Historical Quarterly accept no responsibility for statements made or opin- ions held by authors. The Quarterly reviews books dealing with all aspects of Florida history. Books to be reviewed should be sent to the editor together with price and information on how they may be ordered. https://stars.library.ucf.edu/fhq/vol76/iss3/1 4 Society: Florida Historical Quarterly, Volume 76, Number 3 Table of Contents THE POWER OF THE WRITTEN WORD AND THE SPOKEN WORD IN THE RISE AND FALL OF WILLIAM LEE POPHAM William Warren Rogers 265 THE GANGSTER IN OUR MIDST: AL CAPONE IN SOUTH FLORIDA, 1930-1947 Stephen C. Bousquet 297 CIVIL RIGHTS AND SCHOOL DESEGREGATION IN SANFORD Patricia Dillon 310 REVIEW ESSAY THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE LATE- TWENTIETH-CENTURY SOUTH Raymond A. Mohl 326 FLORIDA HISTORY RESEARCH IN PROGRESS ............................. 338 BOOK REVIEWS ........................................................................ 349 BOOK NOTES .......................................................................... 385 FLORIDA MANUSCRIPT ACQUISITIONS AND ACCESSIONS . 390 HISTORY NEWS . 394 Published by STARS, 1997 5 Florida Historical Quarterly, Vol. 76 [1997], No. 3, Art. 1 BOOK REVIEWS A HISTORY OF FLORIDA THROUGH NEW WORLD MAPS: BORDERS OF PARADISE reviewed by Meaghan N. Duff THE BLACK SEMINOLES: HISTORY OF A FREEDOM-SEEKING PEOPLE reviewed by Daniel C. Littlefield BASEBALL IN FLORIDA reviewed by Daniel Gilmartin COMMITMENT TO A COMMUNITY: A HISTORY OF SACRED HEART HOSPITAL reviewed by William M. Straight CREOLES OF COLOR OF THE GULF SOUTH reviewed by Gary B. Mills JOHN STUART AND THE STRUGGLE FOR EMPIRE ON THE SOUTHERN FRONTIER reviewed by Andrew Frank THE STRENGTH OF A PEOPLE: THE IDEA OF AN INFORMED CITIZENRY IN AMERICA, 1650- 1870 reviewed by Harlow Sheidley SLAVERY, CAPITALISM, AND POLITICS IN THE ANTEBELLUM REPUBLIC, VOLUME I: COM- MERCE AND COMPROMISE, 1820-1850 reviewed by Stephen D. Engle THE PAPERS OF ANDREW JACKSON, VOLUME IV, 1816-1820, AND VOLUME V, 1821-1824 reviewed by Ernest F. Dibble Two MONTHS IN THE CONFEDERATE STATES: AN ENGLISHMAN'S TRAVELS THROUGH THE SOUTH reviewed by Jeffrey A. Melton THE CIVIL WAR IN BOOKS: AN ANALYTICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY reviewed by John M. Coski TEMPERANCE & RACISM: JOHN BULL, JOHNNY REB, AND THE GOOD TEMPLARS reviewed by John J. Guthrie Jr. GENDER & JIM CROW: WOMEN AND THE POLITICS OF WHITE SUPREMACY IN NORTH CAROLINA, 1896-1920 reviewed by Grace Elizabeth Hale FEEBLE-MINDED IN OUR MIDST: INSTITUTIONS FOR THE MENTALLY RETARDED IN THE SOUTH, 1900-1940 reviewed by Ellen Dwyer ALL OVER THE MAP: RETHINKING AMERICAN REGIONS reviewed by Shirley A. Leckie PISTOLS AND POLITICS: THE DILEMMA OF DEMOCRACY IN LOUISIANA’s FLORIDA PAR- ISHES, 1810-1899 reviewed by Peter J. Kastor DUST BowL MIGRANTS IN THE AMERICAN IMAGINATION reviewed by Jack E. Davis WOMEN OF THE FAR RIGHT: THE MOTHERS’ MOVEMENT AND WORLD WAR II reviewed by Patricia A. Farless https://stars.library.ucf.edu/fhq/vol76/iss3/1 6 Society: Florida Historical Quarterly, Volume 76, Number 3 The Power of the Written Word and the Spoken Word in the Rise and Fall of William Lee Popham by WILLIAM WARREN ROGERS ILLIAM Lee Popham first came to the small fishing and lum- bering town of Apalachicola in 1916. Seat of government for Franklin County in northwest Florida and located at the mouth of the Apalachicola River, the town had an aesthetic appeal. Equally important, it enjoyed strategic economic advantages. As a port opening to the Gulf of Mexico, antebellum Apalachicola imported manufactured goods and luxuries and shipped them by steamboats up the Apalachicola River and beyond. They went to individuals and businesses in north Florida, southwest Georgia, and southeast Alabama. In turn, Apalachicola received timber and agricultural products, especially cotton, from the interior and transhipped them to American and international markets. It became Florida’s premier port of shipment and third on the Gulf of Mexico after New Orleans and Mobile. With little agricultural income from Franklin County’s poor soil or from limited urban manufacturing, Apalachicola became a conduit of trade. It prospered from the 1830s through the mid-1850s. Yet, over sixty years before the exu- berant Popham came to town, Apalachicola had begun to decline. Founded in the early 1820s and incorporated in 1828, it was known variously as Cottonton and West Point. In 1831 the legisla- tive council officially named the town Apalachicola, a euphonious Indian word meaning “those people living on the other side.” There was an early prosperity that was deceiving. Surrounded by swamps and marshes, its unhealthy location was made more dan- gerous by the primitive medical knowledge of the nineteenth cen- tury. Natural disasters, most pointedly hurricanes, took a destructive toll. The port was further handicapped by a shallow harbor and inadequate state and federal funding to provide the necessary dredging. The lack of railroad connections helped keep Apalachicola from overtaking its rivals and permitted Galveston, Texas, to become third in Gulf commerce shortly before the Civil William Warren Rogers is Distinguished Teaching Professor of History Emeritus at Florida State University. [265] Published by STARS, 1997 7 Florida Historical Quarterly, Vol. 76 [1997], No. 3, Art. 1 266 FLORIDA HISTORICAL QUARTERLY War. No rail lines joined Apalachicola to the outside world until 1907. Cities to the north, particularly Columbus, Georgia, became railroad centers, and siphoned off much of Apalachicola’s trade. The local economy had little to fall back on. Apalachicola suffered with the rest of the South because of the Civil War, and although it, like other Gulf ports, was blockaded, there was no permanent occupation by federal troops. Isolated throughout the conflict, even