CONSERVATION AND SUSTAINABLE TOURISM IN SAP CHAM PA ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE AND CHAM PI SIRINDHORN FOREST By Ilada Sarttatat A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Program of Architectural Heritage Management and Tourism (International Program) Graduate School SILPAKORN UNIVERSITY 2010 CONSERVATION AND SUSTAINABLE TOURISM IN SAP CHAM PA ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE AND CHAM PI SIRINDHORN FOREST By Ilada Sarttatat A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Program of Architectural Heritage Management and Tourism (International Program) Graduate School SILPAKORN UNIVERSITY 2010 The Graduate School, Silpakorn University has approved and accredited the Thesis title of “Conservation and Sustainable Tourism in Sap Cham Pa Archaeological Site and Cham Pi Sirindhorn Forest ” submitted by Mrs.Ilada Sarttatat as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Architectural Heritage Management and Tourism ………....................................................................... (Assistant Professor Panjai Tantatsanawong,Ph.D.) Dean of Graduate School …….../..................../.......... The Thesis Advisor Corazon Catibog-Sinha, Ph.D. The Thesis Examination Committee .................................................... Chairman (Professor Emeritus Trungjai Buranasomphop, Ph.D.) ............/......................../.............. .................................................... Member (Assistant Professor Pibul Jinawath, Ph.D.) ............/......................../.............. .................................................... Member (Corazon Catibog-Sinha, Ph.D.) ............/......................../.............. 49056952: MAJOR: ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE MANAGEMENT AND TOURISM KEY WORD: CONSERVATION SUSTAINABLE TOURISM ILADA SARTTATAT: CONSERVATION AND SUSTAINABLE TOURISM IN SAP CHAM PA ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE AND CHAM PI SIRINDHORN FOREST. THESIS ADVISOR: CORAZON CATIBOG SINHA, Ph.D. 284.pp. The study focused on sustainable tourism management as well as on the conservation of a cultural heritage site - Sap Cham Pa Archaeological Site (SCAS) - and a natural heritage site - Cham Pi Sirindhorn Forest (CPSF). These sites are geographically adjacent to each other. This is the first research so far that determined the significance of heritage assets of the study area in the context of heritage conservation and sustainable tourism and from the perspectives of relevant stakeholders. The research was conducted from June, 2007 to November, 2009.The specific objectives of the study were to determine the cultural and natural features of the study sites, to determine the perceived values of the community with respect to conservation and tourism development, and to assess the potential and actual risks of and benefits from tourism. Management recommendations for each site were also provided. The research methods used include a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods: field observation, questionnaire survey, face-to-face interview, focus group discussion, and literature review. The data were analyzed using SPSS program Version 10.1.The Likert scale was used to rank the local perceptions on various aspects of tourism development and conservation.Using the Recreational Opportunity Spectrum (ROS) matrix, the recreational settings of SCAS and CPSF were identified Class 2 (semi-remote) and Class 4 (semi-developed), respectively. The Review of Environmental Factors (REF) yielded 12 major threats for SCAS, and 7 major threats for SPCF. Based on the results of the REF analysis, the threats needing immediate management attention were prioritized using the Recreation Threat Analysis (RTA). Management recommendations were given for each of the prioritized threats. A SWOT analysis was also conducted. Both sites have significant heritage values and are not only interesting tourist destinations but also important venues for research, learning, and education. The local perspectives about the values of the two sites are generally positive. The economic value was consistently ranked much higher than the cultural and educational values. The majority of respondents were interested in participating in all aspects of planning and management. However, they expressed the need to be trained in running tourism-related projects. The social conflicts among the stakeholders (i.e. between local farmers and the government) were mostly about land ownership and management directions. The main theme of the proposed management strategies is anchored on developing an integrated management approach, incorporating the heritage values of the two sites to achieve sustainable tourism and heritage conservation. The two sites, due to their geographic proximity, have to planned and managed in an integrated manner. All stages and aspects of planning and management should involve the local community and other relevant stakeholders to ensure collective action for sustainability. Program of Architectural Heritage Management and Tourism Graduate School, Silpakorn University Academic Year 2010 Student's signature ............................................................................... Thesis Advisor's signature ..................................................................... c Acknowledgements I am very grateful to my supervisor, Dr. Corazon CATIBOG-SINHA, for her academic guidance and encouragement throughout the duration of this research study. Despite geographical guidance, Dr. Corazon had not hesitated to give me her valuable time and expertise. Without her, the completion of this dissertation would have not been possible. She will be my model and inspiration in my own teaching and research profession. I am also grateful to the members of my dissertation panel: Professor Emeritus Dr. Buranasomphop Trungjai and Assistant Professor Dr.Jinawath Pibul, for their valuable comments and support. My sincere thanks to all of my teachers in the Architectural Heritage and Tourism Management (International Program) at the Faculty of Architecture, Silpakorn University, for enriching my perspectives about the significance of heritage conservation and tourism management. My sincere gratitude to Thepsatri Rajabhat University for providing the much needed full-time scholarship. My colleagues and friends - Dr. Wechayakul Pailin, Dr.Suravanichakit Nuanpan, Asst. Prof.Thanasut Jatuporn (deceased) - for their friendship and encouragement. Dr.Kerdsiri Kriengkai and my former classmates, for lending me their books and sharing their ideas, opinions and jokes, thus making my student life very memorable and productive. The help and support of my friends from Sap Champa -Mr.Bumathon Bhutorn, Associate Professor Lertcharnrit Thanik, Mrs. Warankarasmi Wilaiwan, Mr. Khamruangboon Netnarin, Dr. Chalermklin Piya, Mr. Charuiwaret Chalerm and his family- cannot be forgotten. All the local people from Sap Champa who participated in this study had been helpful and cooperative; to them my heartfelt gratitude. Most importantly, my thanks to my husband, Mr.Sarttatat Danai, and my family for their understanding and encouragement. Last but not least, my thanks to Ms. Sakasuparuek Thienrat, my best friend during my studies at Silapakorn University, for her assistance and encouragement. d Table of Contents Page Abstract …………………………………………………………………… c Acknowledgments …………………………………………………………………… d List of Figures …………………………………………………………………… h List of Tables …………………………………………………………………… l Chapter 1 Introduction 1 Significance of the study……………………………….. 1 Significance of the study area…………………………. 7 Goal and Objectives…………………………………….. 10 Process of the study…………………………………….. 12 Scope and limits of the study ………………………….. 13 Synopsis of the dissertation……………………………. 13 2 Literature Review……………………………………………… 16 Conservation and Heritage…………………………….. 16 Sustainable Tourism and Heritage…………………….. 41 Community Participation in Sustainable Tourism……. 48 Relevant Literature about the Study Sites- SCAS and CPSF……………………………………………. 66 3 Study Area Description ………………………………………. 69 Location…………………………………………………... 69 Topography………………………………………………. 71 Climate……………………………………………………. 72 Waterways………………………………………………… 73 e Chapter Page 3 Population ……………………………………………….. 73 Occupation ……………………………………………….. 75 Agricultural products ……………………………………. 76 Accessibility ……………………………………………… 77 Infrastructure …………………………………………….. 78 Government Service …………………………………….. 80 Land Use…………………………………………………. 83 4 Research Methodology ……………………………………… 84 Research Design ………………………………………. 84 Objectives and Methods ……………………………….. 85 Research Procedures …………………………………… 88 Time frame of the project ………………………………. 89 5 Results and Discussion ……………………………………… 92 Main Features of two study sites -SCAS and CPSF .... 92 Perspectives of the local community and other stakeholders about the value of cultural and natural features……………………………………. 144 Assessments …………………………………………….. 176 Tourism management recommendations based on sustainable tourism principles ……………………. 198 6 Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations…………… 210 Summary of results according to research projects.… 210 Bibliography .............................................................................................. 225 f Page Appendix Appendix A: The Questionnaire (Thai version)……………... 250 Appendix B: The Questionnaire (English version)…………. 256 Appendix C: Recreational Opportunity Spectrum (ROS)…. 262 Appendix D: Review of Environmental Factors (REF)……... 264 Appendix E: Recreational