CH •X ANG DF E P w Click to buy NOW! w m o w c .d k. ocu•trac Arctic Marine Shipping Assessment Human Dimensions of Arctic Shipping: Background Report Lead Author Henry P. Huntington Contributing Authors Section 2.1:Victoria Gofman, Aleut International Association Section 2.2: Janice Walton, Aleut International Association Section 2.3: Henry Huntington and Norm Snow Sections 2.4 and 2.5: Tero Mustonen Section 3: Inuit Circumpolar Council (ICC) Canada Section 4: Esther Cunningham, Lawson Brigham, Ross MacDonald, Gunn•Britt Retter, and Maya Gold Section 5: Thom Stubbs and Carly Dokis CH •X ANG DF E P w Click to buy NOW! w m o w c .d k. ocu•trac 1 Table of Contents 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................................3 2. Human Use of the Arctic Marine Environment .........................................................................................5 2.1 A container of hazardous materials washes ashore in the Commander Islands, Russia .................................................. 6 2.2 Extent of use of the marine environment by Aleut communities ...................................................................................... 8 2.3 Beaufort Sea beluga whales: local and distant effects of shipping .................................................................................... 9 2.4. Where the Gulf Stream freezes – reflections from the Kola Coast ................................................................................. 11 2.5 From land to sea, sea to land: influences of nuclear lighthouses in northern Russia ..................................................... 14 3. “The Sea Ice Is Our Highway”: an Inuit Perspective on Transportation in the Arctic .......................... 15 3.1 Introduction.......................................................................................................................................................................... 15 3.1.1 The Arctic .....................................................................................................................................................................16 3.1.2 The Land.......................................................................................................................................................................16 3.1.3 Scope of the Section ...................................................................................................................................................16 3.2. Our Nomadic Tradition ....................................................................................................................................................... 17 3.2.1 The Four Stages of Inuit History .................................................................................................................................17 3.2.2 Travellers and Nomads................................................................................................................................................ 19 3.3. Moving to Follow the Game ............................................................................................................................................... 20 3.3.1 Continued Importance of Traditional Diet................................................................................................................. 20 3.3.2 Harvesting What the Land Provides........................................................................................................................... 22 3.3.3 General Inuit Land Use and Occupancy Patterns ......................................................................................................23 3.3.4 Regional Variations in Land Use and Occupancy ......................................................................................................25 3.3.5 Necessity of Movement Over Land and Sea.............................................................................................................. 27 3.3.6 Recent Adaptations..................................................................................................................................................... 27 3.4. Inuit Sustainability .............................................................................................................................................................. 29 3.4.1 Sustainability, the Local Economy, and Shipping ......................................................................................................30 3.5. Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................................................... 33 4. Town Hall Meetings.................................................................................................................................. 33 5. Impacts of Marine Shipping on Arctic Communities ............................................................................. 35 5.1 Introduction.......................................................................................................................................................................... 35 5.2. Key Types of Shipping Activities and their Implications ................................................................................................... 36 5.2.1 Resource Development and the Economy ................................................................................................................36 5.2.2 Community Resupply ..................................................................................................................................................44 5.2.3 Internationalization of Shipping................................................................................................................................. 46 5.3 Social and Economic Consequences of Arctic Marine Shipping in Canada ...................................................................... 47 5.3.1 Bent Horn..................................................................................................................................................................... 47 5.3.2 Nanisivik Mine .............................................................................................................................................................50 5.3.3 Port of Churchill...........................................................................................................................................................52 5.3.4 Beaufort Sea ................................................................................................................................................................55 5.3.5 Bathurst Port and Road Project.................................................................................................................................. 59 5.3.6 Polaris Mine................................................................................................................................................................. 62 5.3.7 Mackenzie Valley Highway..........................................................................................................................................64 5.4 Case Study Common Findings ............................................................................................................................................. 67 5.4.1 Resource Development and the Economy ................................................................................................................67 5.4.2 Community Resupply ..................................................................................................................................................69 CH •X ANG DF E P w Click to buy NOW! w m o w c .d k. ocu•trac 2 5.4.3 Internationalization of Shipping................................................................................................................................. 70 6. Discussion and Conclusions ..................................................................................................................... 71 6.1 Uncertainty, Management, and Communication .............................................................................................................. 71 6.2 Types of Impacts and Interactions ...................................................................................................................................... 72 7. References ................................................................................................................................................ 75 CH •X ANG DF E P w Click to buy NOW! w m o w c .d k. ocu•trac 3 1. Introduction “Human dimensions” refers to the interrelationships of people and the environment, particularly with respect to environmental change (e.g., Raynor and Malone 1998; Liverman et al. 1999, Huntington et al. 2007a). Often, human dimensions concerns broad issues such as government policies (e.g., Parry et al. 1998) or institutional responses to change (e.g., Dietz et al. 2003). In the Arctic, human dimensions research has typically looked at local or regional cases (Huntington et al. 2007a). For marine shipping in the Arctic, both the broad and the local approaches are important to consider. Shipping will occur across the entire region, requiring national and international policies to provide effective management and regulation. Because trans•shipping will be driven largely by global