The Blood of the People Historic Resource Study Pipestone National Monument, Minnesota Theodore Catton and Diane L. Krahe National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior 2016 The Blood of the People Historic Resource Study Pipestone National Monument, Minnesota Theodore Catton, Principal Investigator Diane L. Krahe, Project Historian Recommended: Associate Director of Cultural Resources, Midwest Region Date Concurred: ___________________________________________________________________ Superintendent, Pipestone National Monument Date Approved: Regional Director, Midwest Region Date The Blood of the People Historic Resource Study Pipestone National Monument, Minnesota Theodore Catton and Diane L. Krahe National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior 2016 Winnewissa Falls Table of Contents Tables of Figures………………………………………………….……………… iii Cultural Resource Base Map……………………………………….…….. follows iv Introduction: Toward an Indigenous History………………………………………1 1: One Sacred Place, Many Stories……………………………………………….13 2: Tribal Affiliations with Pipestone……………………………………………...21 3: Prehistoric Habitation and Use…………………………………………………99 4: Northern Plains Tribes in Transition, 1650 to 1803…………………………..134 5: Northern Plains Tribes in the Early American Period, 1803 to 1851………...185 6: The Reservation Era, 1851 to 1890………………………………….………..238 7: The Sacred Quarries in the Allotment Era, 1890 to 1937…………………….297 8: The Sacred Quarries under NPS Management, 1937 to 1970………………..351 9: Pipestone in the Self-Determination Era, 1970 to the Present………………..389 Appendix 1: Cross Reference of Names of U.S. Tribes in the Study…………...432 Bibliography……………………………………………………………………..437 Index……………………………………………………………………………...465 ii List of Figures Figure 1. The Pipestone Quarry painted by George Catlin from his 1836 visit……………………………… 2 Figure 2. Quarry pit and hand tools……………………………………………………………………………………………… 11 Figure 3. The Three Maidens……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 15 Figure 4. The escarpment at sunset…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 16 Figure 5. Joyce Big Soldier Miller, Iowa Tribe of Oklahoma…………………………………………………………..23 Figure 6. A block of quartzite………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 101 Figure 7. Pipestone Creek and tallgrass prairie. (Photo by the authors.)…………………………………….. 104 Figure 8. Schematic of how the layer of pipestone is exposed and quarried……………………………….. 115 Figure 9. Map of the Pipestone Quarry from W. H. Holmes, 1892……………………………………………….. 118 Figure 10. Blood Run Creek…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 131 Figure 11. Assiniboine hunting buffalo, by Paul Kane, 1850…………………………………………………………. 136 Figure 12. Map by Vincenzo Coronelli and Jean Baptiste Nolin, 1688………………………………………….. 150 Figure 13. Old Stone Face……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 157 Figure 14. Lower Mississippi River painted by George Catlin, 1832……………………………………………… 174 Figure 15. Sketch map of the archeological remains of a fortification………………………………………….. 182 Figure 16. Stephen H. Long, explorer and cartographer………………………………………………………………. 200 Figure 17. Wanotan sketched by Samuel Seymour……………………………………………………………………… 204 Figure 18. Stephen H. Long’s map frm the report on his 1823 expedition…………………………………… 207 Figure 19. Stu-mick-o-suck, Blood chief, by George Catlin, 1832…………………………………………………. 211 Figure 20. Sketch of the Leaping Rock……………………………………………………………………………………….… 214 Figure 21. George Catlin painted by William Fisk, 1849……………………………………………………………….. 217 Figure 22. Joseph Nicollet……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 222 Figure 23. Pawnee Council, by Samuel Seymour…………………………………………………………………………. 227 Figure 24. Plains Indians camped near Fort Laramie, circa 1837………………………………………………….. 235 Figure 25. Pa-la-ne-a-pa-pe (Struck-by-the-Ree), Ihanktonwan chief, 1858…………………………………. 242 Figure 26. Ma-to-sa-be-che-a (Smutty Bear), Ihanktonwan chief, 1858………………………………………. 246 Figure 27. Taoyateduta (Little Crow), Mdewakanton chief, circa 1862………………………………………… 255 Figure 28. Fort Snelling, Minnesota, winter 1862-63…………………………………………………………………… 257 Figure 29. Maȟpíya Lúta (Red Cloud), Oglala chief………………………………………………………………………. 263 Figure 30. The Last of the Buffalo by Albert Bierstadt…………………………………………………………………..265 Figure 31. Students at Flandreau Indian School, 1909…………………………………………………………………. 274 Figure 32. Pipestone Reservation and town of Pipestone, circa 1891………………………………………….. 283 Figure 33. Charles H. Bennett with petroglyphs…………………………………………………………………………… 286 Figure 34. Unidentified tribal group at Pipestone……………………………………………………………………….. 291 Figure 35. A last arrow ceremony. Note the symbolic plow………………………………………………………… 300 Figure 36. Small Oglala camp and school buildings, Pine Ridge Reservation. ……………………………… 302 Figure 37. Students of Pipestone Indian School. ………………………………………………………………………….304 Figure 38. Winnewissa Falls. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 309 Figure 39. Winnewissa Falls, 1908. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 314 iii Figure 40. The Three Maidens. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 318 Figure 41. A large group of mostly American Indians in the quarry …………………………………………….. 320 Figure 42. Moses and Estella Crow ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 323 Figure 43. Plat of the Pipestone Reservation, 1899. ……………………………………………………………………. 328 Figure 44. James McLaughlin, U.S. Indian Agent ………………………………………………………………………….329 Figure 45. The CCC-ID improved this small dam to enhance Lake Hiawatha ……………………………….. 341 Figure 46. Steps cut in rock escarpment by the CCC-ID along the Circle Trail ……………………………… 346 Figure 47. Map of Pipestone Indian School and Pipestone N.M., 1937 ……………………………………….. 347 Figure 48. Harvey Derby ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 357 Figure 49. George Bryan ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 359 Figure 50. The Three Maidens at sunset. ……………………………………………………………………………………. 363 Figure 51. The staircase pictured in Indians at Work in 1934 ……………………………………………………… 366 Figure 52. Map of the Circle Trail in a self-guiding leaflet, 1954. ………………………………………………… 367 Figure 53. Quarriers in Exhibit Quarry ………………………………………………………………………………………… 369 Figure 54. Visitor contact station and picnic area. ………………………………………………………………………. 371 Figure 55. Map of Pipestone National Monument in 1955. ………………………………………………………… 373 Figure 56. Visitor center and grounds. ………………………………………………………………………………………… 376 Figure 57. Exhibits in the visitor center, 1962 ……………………………………………………………………………… 378 Figure 58. Harvey Derby and Supt. Harvey B. Reynolds and families ………………………………………….. 381 Figure 59. Performers in the Hiawatha Pageant …………………………………………………………………………. 385 Figure 60. The visitor center and prairie, 2003. ………………………………………………………………………….. 391 Figure 61. George Bryan carving in the cultural center of the visitor center ………………………………. 395 Figure 62. One of the largest and most active quarry pits …………………………………………………………… 399 Figure 63. Detail of ceremonial offerings. …………………………………………………………………………………… 403 Figure 64. Circle Trail at base of escarpment. ……………………………………………………………………………… 413 Figure 65. Sweat lodge frame at ceremonial site, January 2013 …………………………………………………. 426 Figure 66. Crescent mound covered with pipestone in the Sun Dance area. ………………………………. 429 iv !(!( !(!( !( !(!( !(!( !(!( !(!( Sundance Grounds Leaping Rock/ Old Stone Face Pipestone Creek Winnewissa Falls !( !( $1 !(!(!( $1 !(!( !(!( Sweat Lodge $1 !( !(!( Dam Area !( !( $1 The _ Lake Oracle Hiawatha Visitor Center $1 Cultural Center Avenue Hiawatha North Visitor Center CCC-ID Parking Lot Footbridges !( !( !( !(!( !( !(!( County Road 67 County !( !( !( !(!( !( !(!( !( !(!( !(!( Residence !(!( !(!( !( !( !( Garage !(!( !(!( !(!( North Reservation Avenue !( Road Access Office !(!( Restroom Entrance Road $1 0 0.15 0.3 Kilometers Retaining 0 0.15 0.3 Miles Wall Parking Lot The Three Maidens Sources: Esri, HERE, DeLorme, USGS, Intermap, increment P Corp., NRCAN, Esri Japan, METI, Esri China (Hong Kong), Esri (Thailand), TomTom, MapmyIndia, © OpenStreetMap contributors, and the GIS User Community Cultural Resources Base Map National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior !( Produced by: Midwest Region Geospatial Support Center. For Park Boundary Quarries Á Official NPS Use only. The NPS makes no warranty, either Pipestone National Monument express or implied, related to the accuracy or content of this map. Coordinate System: WGS 1984 Web Mercator Auxiliary Sphere Pipestone Circle Trail Network Sioux Quartzite Escarpment National Monument Date Saved: 1/8/2016 1:02:22 PM Map 1 of 1 Path: C:\Users\evhuston\Desktop\PIPE_CulturalResourcesBase.mxd Introduction Toward an Indigenous History The subject of this study is American Indian use of the Pipestone Quarry in southwest Minnesota from prehistory to the present day. Since time immemorial American Indians have visited the Pipestone Quarry to obtain the soft, red pipestone from which they make pipes. Rituals surrounding the pipe and oral traditions about how it was first acquired are central to the religions of most Plains Indian tribes. Because the pipe and the red pipestone itself are so sacred, the prairie landscape and distinctive rock formations found at the Pipestone Quarry constitute a sacred place for many American Indians. Some oral traditions identify it as the place where human beings were created. For numerous Plains Indian tribes, the Pipestone Quarry has long been not only the source of their pipestone, but also a sacred place where people pray to the Creator, honor their ancestors, and put aside enmities. Long ago, many tribes’ oral traditions spoke