Number 4 Spring 2020 ISSN 2372-9899 OCCASIONAL PAPERS Official Publication of the Midwest Archaeological Conference, Inc. MIDWEST ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONFERENCE, INC. OCCASIONAL PAPERS Number 4 Spring 2020 CONTENTS Life, Death, and Landscapes at Lake Koshkonong: Oneota Archaeology in Southeastern Wisconsin Edited by Robert J. Jeske, Richard W. Edwards IV, and Katherine Sterner 1. New Perspectives from Lake Koshkonong Robert J. Jeske, Katherine Sterner, and Richard W. Edwards IV 1 2. Upper Mississippian Stone Tools and Community Organization Katherine M. Sterner 27 3. Identities in Clay: Displays of Group Identity on Pottery from Oneota Villages on Lake Koshkonong Seth A. Schneider and Natalie A. Carpiaux 47 4. Risky Landscapes: Agriculture and Risk Management in Upper Mississippian Societies Richard W. Edwards IV 63 5. Archaeofauna as Evidence for a Specialized Oneota Economy Rachel C. McTavish 83 6. The Social Landscape of Eleventh- to Fifteenth-Century Lake Koshkonong Robert J. Jeske 103 References 119 OCCASIONAL PAPERS Editor Society Membership Thomas E. Emerson, Illinois State Archaeological Survey Individuals who wish to receive access to all Occasional Papers (and MCJA journals) can join the Midwest Archaeological Conference and Editorial Assistant receive access to the online-only Occasional Papers series as part of Sarah E. Boyer, Illinois State Archaeological Survey their annual membership. Visit http://www.midwestarchaeology. org/ for details. Founding Editor David S. Brose, Imprints from the Past, LLC First Midwest Archaeological Conference Inc.’s Occasional Papers (ISSN 2372-9899) is published by Midwest Archaeological Confer- Book Reviews Editor ence, Inc. Each volume contains material from sponsored sympo- Tamira K. Brennan, Southern Illinois University Carbondale siums at past annual meetings on timely spatial or temporal issues that form special edited volumes of Occasional Papers. Editorial Board Susan M. Alt, Indiana University Copyright © Midwest Archaeological Conference Inc. 2020. All Jane E. Baxter, DePaul University rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, Robert A. Cook, Ohio State University at Newark stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any John F. Doershuk, University of Iowa means without the written permission of the copyright holder. Christopher J. Ellis, University of Western Ontario Requests for such permissions must be addressed to the MCJA Duane Esarey, Illinois State Museum Editor or Assistant Editor. For more information, visit http://www. Robert J. Jeske, University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee midwestarchaeology.org/home. T. R. Kidder, Washington University in St Louis Neal H. Lopinot, Missouri State University Disclaimer George R. Milner, Pennsylvania State University Responsibility for opinions and statements contained in the arti- Michael Nassaney, Western Michigan University cles, notes, correspondence, reviews, and discussion is that of the Timothy R. Pauketat, University of Illinois authors, and not of the editors, Midwest Archaeological Conference. Mark R. Schurr, University of Notre Dame Online Publication Aims and Scope The full text of this series is available via our online platform at The Midwest Archaeological Conference Sponsored Symposium http://www.midwestarchaeology.org/home. Access to the online held at MAC, Inc. annual meetings is a forum for presentation of version is available to current MAC members only. problem-oriented current thinking on key midwestern archaeological issues. The publication of such symposium proceedings in the Occa- Cover Image sional Papers series serves to articulate how innovative breakthroughs Village scene by Sara Grabarec. Pottery vessel photo by Seth Schnei- and cumulative evidence may question previous interpretations and der. Pottery vessel drawing by Lisa Mesirow. Used with permission. lead to a new understanding of the midwestern archaeological record. Style Occasional Papers generally follows the conventions of American Antiquity with a few exceptions. For more specific information visit: http://www.saa.org/Portals/0/SAA/Publications/StyleGuide/ StyleGuide_Final_813.pdf or contact the Editorial Assistant for more information. Midwest Archaeological Conference Occasional Papers No. 4, 2020, 1–26 1 New Perspectives from Lake Koshkonong Robert J. Jeske,1 Katherine M. Sterner,2 and Richard W. Edwards IV1, 3 1Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin– Milwaukee; 2Cultural Resource Management, University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee; 3Commonwealth Heritage Group, Milwaukee Historically, the Koshkonong Locality has played a pivotal role in our under- standing of Oneota archaeological culture. To this day, discussions of the topic are heavily influenced by Hall’s (1962) seminal work at Carcajou Point. Hall’s research had a profound impact on succeeding scholars (e.g., Over- street 1976), who have essentially defined Wisconsin Oneota. However, over the last few decades, ongoing research in the Koshkonong Locality and be- yond has necessitated that we modify and, in some cases, significantly alter or abandon some of our long-held assumptions about Upper Mississippi- an lifeways in the eleventh through fifteenth centuries AD. New data, new methods, and new theoretical perspectives have changed our perspective sufficiently that we now need to reconceptualize the termsOneota and Upper Mississippian to include a more nuanced discussion of identity, interregional politics, subsistence, and trade. This introduction will provide the historical and theoretical background for the subsequent articles in this volume. Keywords Oneota; Lake Koshkonong; Midwest Chronology Introduction This volume is not a conclusion of research into Oneota occupations in southern Wisconsin. In fact, it is barely an introduction. University of Wisconsin– Milwaukee (UWM) faculty and students have put in more than 20 years of research focused on a few sites in a small region and have recovered a voluminous amount of data. We have just begun to discern patterns that will need much more scrutiny and testing © Midwest Archaeological Conference Inc. 2020 2 ROBERT J. JESKE, KATHERINE STERNER, AND RICHARD W. EDWARDS IV before we can be confident that we see them clearly. This introduction has two primary purposes. The first is to provide a history of research at Oneota sites in the Koshkonong Locality. The second is to set the background context for the sites that will be discussed throughout this volume. It has long been noted that Wisconsin Oneota material culture tends to cluster at distinct geographic areas across the landscape, which have been termed localities (Overstreet 1997; Willey and Phillips 1958). For more than 80 years, Lake Kos- hkonong has been recognized as one such locality (Figure 1.1; McKern 1945). The Koshkonong Locality is unusual in its degree of isolation, separated by 70 km from other contemporaneous Oneota localities (Overstreet 1997; Schneider 2015). The sites are highly clustered along a small stretch of the northwest shore of the lake (Figure 1.2). Although it is certain that some Oneota ceramic sherds exist on archae- ological sites at other points around Lake Koshkonong, there is little evidence for other extensive Oneota occupations in the immediate region (Goldstein and Rich- ards 1991; Richards and Jeske 2002). Goldstein and Richards (1991:203) note that UWM’s large-scale systematic surveys of the region indicated that “sites of every other time period are found in relative abundance; unless there is something very unusual about Mississippian sites, it is assumed that the lack of sites in some way represents the real prehistoric distribution.” Continued regional survey over the last three decades reinforces their interpretation. An important caveat is the location of four small multicomponent sites containing some Oneota ceramics on the Yahara River, 20–30 km northwest of Lake Koshkonong (Haas et al. 2017). The nature of these sites and their relationship to the Koshkonong Locality are unclear. It is our cur- rent position that these sites represent seasonal special-purpose camps, likely related to the villages in the Koshkonong Locality, but more work is needed to definitively ascertain the relationship between the Lake Koshkonong and Yahara River sites. Even less clear has been a robustly supported interpretation of how people be- tween the eleventh and fifteenth centuries made use of the locality or how they in- teracted with their neighbors. The lack of a long-term, sustained research program at Lake Koshkonong until the twenty-first century has stunted our understanding of how the larger Oneota archaeological phenomenon relates to excavated archae- ological sites in southeastern Wisconsin. Modern Oneota research in southeastern Wisconsin lies on the foundation of Robert Hall’s (1962) seminal volume. His analysis of the ceramic assemblage from Carcajou Point established the accepted typology for eastern Wisconsin Oneota for more than 50 years—defining types such as Koshkonong Bold, Carcajou Cur- vilinear, and others. His three radiocarbon dates from the site were the first in the region. His work established a framework for Oneota origins and dispersion and provided reasoned interpretations of Oneota social organization. At Carcajou Point, Hall (1962:17–18) tentatively identified two types of domes- tic structures that he thought were similar to houses used by a number of Wiscon- sin historic tribes: one he interpreted as a “gabled bark summerhouse” and another as a possible “wigwam.” He also found