INFORMATION TO USERS This reproduction was made from a copy of a document sent to us for microfilming. While the most advanced technology has been used to photograph and reproduce this document, the quality of the reproduction is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help clarify markings or notations which may appear on this reproduction. 1.The sign or “target” for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is “Missing Page(s)”. If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting through an image and duplicating adjacent pages to assure complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a round black mark, it is an indication of either blurred copy because of movement during exposure, duplicate copy, or copyrighted materials that should not have been filmed. For blurred pages, a good image of the page can be found in the adjacent frame. If copyrighted materials were deleted, a target note will appear listing the pages in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., is part of the material being photographed, a definite method of “sectioning” the material has been followed. It is customary to begin filming at the upper left hand comer of a large sheet and to continue from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. If necessary, sectioning is continued again—beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. For illustrations that cannot be satisfactorily reproduced by xerographic means, photographic prints can be purchased at additional cost and inserted into your xerographic copy. These prints are available upon request from the Dissertations Customer Services Department. 5. Some pages in any document may have indistinct print. In all cases the best available copy has been filmed. University Microfilms International 300 N. Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Ml 48106 8403495 Bunge, Judith Ann THE NATURE AND MEASUREMENT OF MATERNAL SEPARATION ANXIETY IN EMPLOYED MOTHERS AS IT RELATES TO SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS The Ohio State University Ph.D. 1983 University Microfilms International300 N. Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor,Ml 48106 Copyright 1983 by Bunge, Judith Ann All Rights Reserved PLEASE NOTE: In all cases this material has been filmed in the best possible way from the available copy. Problems encountered with this document have been identified here with a checkV mark. 1. Glossy photographs or pages______ 2. Colored illustrations, paper or ______print 3. Photographs with dark background______ 4. Illustrations are poor c o______ p y 5. Pages with black marks, not original_______ copy 6. Print shows through as there is text on both sides______ of page 7. Indistinct, broken or small print on several pages 8. Print exceeds margin requirements______ 9. Tightly bound copy with print lost ______in spine 10. Computer printout pages with indistinct______ print 11. Page(s) ____________lacking when material received, and not available from school or author. 12. P ag e(s)____________seem to be missing in numbering only a s text follows. 13. Two pages numbered . Text follows. 14. Curling and wrinkled p a g______ e s 15. O ther____________________________ .______________________________________ _ University Microfilms International THE NATURE AND MEASUREMENT OF MATERNAL SEPARATION ANXIETY IN EMPLOYED MOTHERS AS IT RELATES TO SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Judith Ann Bunge, B.'S., M.S. ******* The Ohio State University 1983 Reading Committee: Approved By Dr. Ellen Hock Dr. Gerald Winer Dr. Dale Blythe Department of Family Relations and Human Development VITA 1956 ........................ B.S. Child Development, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 1956 ........................ Certificat, Sorbonne University, Paris, France 1961-1971 .................. Preschool Teacher and Head Start Teacher, Wisconsin and Minnesota 1971-73 .................... Assistant Head Start Director, Education Coordinator, Glenwood City, Wisconsin 1975 ........................ M.S. Family and Child Develop­ ment, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 1976-77 .................... Coordinator of Head Start Training Office for State of Kansas, Manhattan, Kansas 1977-78 .................... Assistant Director, Kansas State University Child Care Facilities 1977-79 .................... Instructor, Department of Family and Child Development, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 1979-82 .................... Graduate Research Associate, Department of Early and Middle Childhood, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1979-83.. .................... Consultant to Ohio and Indiana Head Start Programs ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page VITA ......................................................... ii LIST OF TABLES .......................................... v LIST OF FIGURES .............................................. vi Chapter I. INTRODUCTION ............................................ 1 Background ............................................ 1 Statement of the Problem .............................. 9 Research Questions ................................... 10 II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE .................................. 12 Introduction ................................ ..... 12 Anxiety: A Theoretical Framework ...................... 13 Spielberger1s Trait-State Theory of Anxiety ........ 15 Maternal Separation Anxiety as A-State Anxiety .... 19 Attachment Theory and Maternal Separation Anxiety . 20 Culture and Women's R o l e s ............................ 23 Maternal Role Investment ............................ 24 Work Orientation and Maternal/Employment Roles .... 25 Measurement of Anxiety ................................ 31 Measurement of Maternal Separation Anxiety .......... 40 Socioeconomic Status: Nature and Measurement .......... 45 Socioeconomic Status and Maternal Separation A n x i e t y .......................................... 54 Summary ..... .................................... 57 III. M E T H O D O L O G Y ............................................ 59 Su bjects.............................................. 59 Procedures ............................................ 66 Measures and Instruments .............................. 73 Data A n a l y s i s ........................................ 80 IV. RESULTS ................................................ 83 Section I - Relationship of Maternal Separation Anxiety and Socioeconomic Status .................... 83 Section II - Relationship of Maternal Separation Anxiety and Work Orientation, Maternal Role Investment and Trait Anxiety ........................ 101 iii Chapter Page Section III - Validity of Maternal Separation Anxiety Measures ...................................... 109 V. DISCUSSION .............................................. 122 Introduction ................................. ..... 122 Section I - Relationship of Maternal Separation Anxiety and Socioeconomic Status ...................... 123 Section II - Validity of the MSAS and the Home I n t e r v i e w ............................................ 129 Section III - Relationship of Maternal Separation Anxiety and Work Orientation, Maternal Role Investment and Trait Anxiety .......................... 136 Conclusions and Implications ............................ 140 REFERENCE NOTES ................................................ 145 REFERENCES..................................................... 146 APPENDIXES ....................................................... 158 A. The Maternal Separation Anxiety Scale .................... 159 B. Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale ............................ 162 C. Maternal Home Interview .................................. 165 iv LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Demographic Characteristics of Working Class and Middle Class Employed Mothers and Fathers ................ 62 2. Descriptive Comparison of Employed Mothers Responses to Two Measures of Maternal Separation Anxiety at T^ and t 2 . 84 3. Pattern of Responses to Home Interview Scales ............ 86 4. Correlations between Measures of Maternal Separation Anxiety, Demographic Variables and Variables Measured at Maternity Ward (T-*-) and Home Interview (T^) 89 5. Stability of Working Class and Middle Class Mothers Responses to a Measure of Maternal Separation Anxiety at T^ and t 2 .................................... 91 6. Correlations between Selected Demographic Variables and Socioeconomic S t a t u s ................................ 97 7. Correlations between Acknowledgment and Awareness of Separation Anxiety and MSAS and Interview Scales ........ 100 8. Descriptive Comparison of Employed Mothers' Responses to a Measure of Mothers Work Preference.................. 103 9. Correlations between Work Orientation, Maternal Role Investment and S E S ...................................... 106 10. Description of Types of Nonmatemal Child Care Presently Used and Frequency of U s e ...................... 108 11. Pattern of Responses to the Taylor Manifest Anxiety S c a l e .................................................... 109 12. Significant Correlations between Home Interview Ratings and MSAS Scores at T ^ .................................... Ill 13. Correlations between Measures of Maternal Separation Anxiety and Selected Variables .......................... 113 14. Descriptive Comparison