Oil Spill Response Field Manual Metric Conversion Factors Volume Flow Rate 1 cm3 = 1 ml = .001 L 1 L/min = 0.0167 L/sec 1 L = 1 dm3 = .001 m3 = 60 L/hr = 1440 L/day 1 L = 0.264 Gallon Liquid US 1 L/min = 0.06 m3/hr 1 m3 = 6.29 API bbl 1 L/min = 0.265 gpm (US) 1 L/min = 9.05 API bbl/day Length Velocity 1 m = 10–3 km = 102 cm = 103 mm = 106µ 1 cm/sec = 10–2 m/sec = 36 m/hr 1 cm = 0.3937 in = 0.036 km/hr 1 m = 3.2808 ft = 39.37 in 1 m/sec = 1.94 knots (US) 1 m = 0.5468 fathom 1 km/hr = 0.54 knots (US) 1 km = 0.62 mile = 3273 ft 1 km/hr = 0.621 mph (US) 1 km = 0.54 nautical mile (NM) Area Mass/Weight 1 hectare = 10,000 m2 = 0.01 km2 1g = 10–3 kg = 103 mg 1 m2 = 10.76 ft2 = 1.196 yd2 1 metric tonne = 1000 kg 1 hectare = 2.471 acres = 0.00386 sq mile 1 kg = 2.21 lbs = 0.0685 slug Surface Tension Force 1 kg-f/m = 9.807 N/m = 9807 dyne/cm 1 newton (N) = 105 dyne 1 kg-f/m = 0.672 lbs/ft = 5.61 lb/in 1 newton = 0.102 kg-f 1 N/m = 0.0685 lb/ft 1 newton = 0.2248 lb 1 N/mm = 5.64 lb/in 1 newton = 7.233 pdl Pressure Application Rates 1 N/m2 = 0.102 kg-f/m2 = 1 pascal (Pa) 1 L/m2 = thickness in mm 1 bar = 106 dyne/cm2 = 0.1MPa 1 L/hectare = 0.1 m3/km2 1 mm Hg = 133 Pa 1 L/hectare = 0.1068 gal/acre 1 Pa = 1.450 x 10–4 psi 1 tonne/hectare = 2.5 bbl/acre 1 kg-f/m2 = 0.0206 lb/ft2 1 MPa = 9.869 atm Miscellaneous 1 tonne of oil = 1000 L = 1 m3 = 264.2 gal storage volume for boom, volume/length: ft3/ft x 0.093 = m3/m mg/L = parts per million (ppm) = % x 10–2 x 106 = ppm ice density = 0.8 g/cm3 = 800 kg/m3 viscosity in centipoise (cp) = viscosity in centistokes (cSt) x density temperature centigrade = (temperature Fahrenheit – 32) x 0.555 Oil Spill Response Field Manual Revised 2008 Copyright © 2008, ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company, All Rights Reserved, Printed in USA. In grateful recognition of years of service to the petroleum industry through tireless efforts to improve response technology and minimize environmental impacts, this Edition of the ExxonMobil Oil Spill Response Field Manual is dedicated to all the ExxonMobil employees, consultants, and government officials, who have contributed to this document over the past 24 years. Acknowledgements Acknowledgements ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ExxonMobil acknowledges the services of employees and contractors who helped make this Field Manual a success. Those who have contributed to the preparation of this edition are noted below. Current Edition (2008, English) Vitaly Aizenberg/EMBSI, now EMDC – industrial hygiene review Steven Bower/EMBSI – industrial hygiene review Russ Hayward/ExxonMobil Corporation – industrial hygiene review and editor Alexis Steen/EMRE – project manager HBP – printing and reproduction Previous Editions Contributors to Previous Editions (1984, 1992, 2000, 2002 and 2005) Alan Allen/Spiltec – technical input Christine Borgfeldt, now retired – past project manager Jean Bruney/EPR – past project management Andrie Chen, now retired – overall coordination for past editions Jim Clark/EBSI, now EMRE – technical review, esp. dispersants Tom Cook/EPR – prepared original edition Joe Czarnecki/EMRE – input on waste disposal Bill Dahl/EMRE – input on solidifiers Rob Dragnich/Alaska Interest – input on waste disposal Bob Fiocco/EMRE, now retired – shoreline cleaning input Anita George-Ares/EBSI, now EMBSI – past technical review Linda Garner, now retired – past technical editor Ronald Goodman/Imperial Oil, now retired – technical input, esp. remote sensing Bob Goodrich/EMRE, now retired – input on waste disposal Dave Goodridge/Esso Petroleum – shoreline treatment Stuart Gair/OSRL – shoreline treatment Mark Gregory/USCG – shoreline treatment Peter Jensen/L&S – sorbent and solidifier review Mike Jolly/USCG – shoreline treatment Wolfgang Konkel/EBSI, now EMBSI – past technical review Bill Lerch/R&S – technical input and review Dick Lessard/EMRE, now retired – technical review and coordination, project manager for 2005 edition Tommy Mahon/Baton Rouge Refinery – past technical review Robert Major/EPR – past project management, technical input Acknowledgements Tosh Moller/ITOPF – spill data Rebecca Moore/EPR, now URC – past technical editor Ken Motolenich-Salas/EMRE – Spanish edition Jessica Nacheman/EMRE – legal review Tim Nedwed /URC – review of cold region response Doug O’Donovan/ MSRC – technical reviewer Charlene Owens/Upstream Production – review of cold region response Jere Noerager/EPR, now retired – past technical input Ed Owens/OCC, now Polaris – past technical input, esp. shorelines and mechanical response and cold region response Skip Przelomski/Clean Caribbean & Americas – technical reviewer David Salt/OSRL – technical reviewer Robert Schulze/consultant – past technical input, esp. mechanical response Joe Smith/EPR, now URC – past technical review Laurence Solsberg/Counterspil Research Inc. – past technical input and writing Nina Springer/EPR, now Upstream SH&E – past managerial review Bob Steele/EPR – prepared original edition Alexis Steen/EMRE – project manager for 2002 edition and technical reviewer Elliott Taylor/POLARIS – review of cold regions response Evan Thayer/EMBSI, now retired – health data review David Tilden/Environment Canada – review/editing of cold region response Tommy Tomblin/ Baytown Refinery – past technical input Mark West/Counterspil Research Inc., then Burrard Clean – graphics support and document layout Bob Williams/EPR – prepared original edition Don Wood/EPR, now retired – past managerial review (1992 edition) Acknowledgements RESTRICTION TO USE Material may be copied in whole or in part without the express authorization of ExxonMobil provided that: (1) the user includes ExxonMobil’s copyright notice on all copies, (2) the materials are in no way modified or used in any misleading or inappropriate manner, and (3) the materials are not sold or in any way exploited. Table of Contents 1. Introduction .................................................1-1 1.1 Introduction.............................................1-2 1.2 Organization of Manual. 1-2 1.3 ResponsePriorities .......................................1-4 1.4 Three-Tiered Response Considerations . 1-5 1.5 Personnel Requirements . 1-7 1.6 Critical Spill/Environmental Information . 1-10 1.7 OilSpillVolume ........................................1-15 1.8 Oil Characteristics and Behavior . 1-16 1.9 LimitingAccess.........................................1-18 1.10 Net Environmental Benefit Analysis. 1-19 2. SafetyandHealth.............................................2-1 2.1 Introduction.............................................2-2 2.1.1 Basic Safety Rules . 2-2 2.1.2 TheBuddySystem................................2-3 2.1.3 Hand or Whole Body Communication Signals. 2-3 2.2 Risks ..................................................2-4 2.2.1 Fire and Explosions . 2-4 2.2.2 Hazardous Atmospheres/Hazardous Chemicals . 2-6 2.2.2.1 Benzene................................2-10 2.2.2.2 2-Butoxyethanol. 2-10 2.2.2.3 Carbon Monoxide . 2-10 2.2.2.4 Gasoline................................2-11 2.2.2.5 Heavy Hydrocarbon Products . 2-11 2.2.2.6 Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) . 2-12 2.2.2.7 Middle Distillate Products. 2-12 2.2.2.8 Oxygen.................................2-13 2.2.2.9 Overall Guidance . 2-13 2.2.3 HeatandCold ..................................2-14 2.2.3.1 Heat Stress (Hyperthermia) . 2-14 2.2.3.2 Cold Stress (Hypothermia) . 2-14 2.2.4 Site Conditions. 2-17 2.2.5 Miscellaneous Hazards . 2-17 2.2.5.1 Noise ..................................2-17 2.2.5.2 Other Hazards . 2-17 Table of Contents i 2.3 Protective Equipment . 2-18 2.3.1 Protective Clothing . 2-18 2.3.1.1 Splash Potential Only . 2-18 2.3.1.2 Hydrocarbon Immersion Potential . 2-18 2.3.2 Respiratory Protection . 2-19 2.3.3 Confined Space Entry . 2-20 2.4 PersonalHealth.........................................2-20 2.5 Transportation Safety . 2-21 2.5.1 Small Boat Safety Rules . 2-21 2.5.2 Aircraft Safety Rules . 2-22 2.6 Decontamination .......................................2-22 3. Logistics and Communications. 3-1 3.1 Introduction.............................................3-2 3.2 Logistics................................................3-2 3.2.1 Resources.......................................3-3 3.2.1.1 Contracts ................................3-4 3.2.1.2 Procurement . 3-4 3.2.1.3 Shipping/Receiving . 3-4 3.2.1.4 Warehouse/Staging. 3-4 3.2.1.5 Inventory Management . 3-4 3.2.1.6 Equipment Tracking. 3-4 3.2.2 Support ........................................3-5 3.2.2.1 Transportation . 3-5 3.2.2.2 Provisioning . 3-5 3.2.2.3 Permits..................................3-6 3.2.2.4 Waste Management . 3-6 3.2.2.5 Assembly, Fabrication, and Maintenance . 3-6 3.2.2.6 Demobilization. 3-7 3.2.2.7 Decontamination . 3-7 3.2.3 Services ........................................3-8 3.2.3.1 Security .................................3-8 3.2.3.2 Facilities.................................3-8 3.2.3.3 Administration . 3-8 3.3 Communications ........................................3-8 4. Surveillance and Tracking. 4-1 4.1 Introduction.............................................4-2 4.2 OilPropertiesandFate ....................................4-4 4.2.1 APIGravity.....................................4-4 4.2.2 FlashPoint......................................4-4 4.2.3 Lower Explosion Limit . 4-4 ii Table of Contents 4.2.4 PourPoint.......................................4-5 4.2.5 Solubility.......................................4-5 4.2.6 Specific Gravity (Liquid). 4-5 4.2.7 Specific Gravity (Vapor) . 4-5 4.2.8 Viscosity........................................4-5 4.2.9 WaxContent.....................................4-5 4.3 Forecasting Slick Drift . 4-6 4.4 Estimating Slick Volumes . 4-7 4.5 Visual Observation and Photography . 4-7 4.6 TrackingBuoys..........................................4-8 4.7 RemoteSensing..........................................4-8 4.7.1 Infrared Sensors .