Mechanical and Structural Changes of PVC when Subjected to Heat Saliu Adelakin Durosinmi Degree Thesis: Plastics Technology June 2015 0 DEGREE THESIS Arcada University Of Applied Science Degree Programme: Plastics Technology Identification number: 12866 Author: Saliu Adelakin Durosinmi Title: Mechanical and structural changes of PVC when subjected to heat Supervisor (Arcada): Mariann Holmberg Examiner: Mirja Andersson Abstract: Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) usage has gained a huge popularity among other polymers in industries, building sites, electrical, mechanical and household materials. The areas in which polyvinyl chloride (PVC) materials are needed, will determine the type of polyvinyl chlorides (PVCs) to be employed. This thesis work is based on the mechanical and structural changes of properties of the different polyvinyl chlorides (PVCs) when subjected to heating and load force on the heater and testometric tensile test machine in the laboratory. The results show that temperature changes have great impact on the different polyvinyl chloride (PVC) due to difference in additives. The mechanical properties like stress, strain etc. were affected. The structural appearances too were distorted when mounted on the testometric tensile testing machine by subjection of loading force. Keywords: Pvc, Heating, Mechanical properties, Elongation, Stress & Strain Number of pages: 119 Language: English Date of acceptance: 1 TABLE OF CONTENT 1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 9 1.1 BACKGROUND ............................................................................................................................. 9 1.2 HISTORY OF POLYVINYL CHLORIDE (PVC) ..................................................................................... 9 1.3 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES .............................................................................................................. 10 2. LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................................................................................... 11 2.1 GENERAL PROPEERTIES OF POLYVINYL CHLORIDE (PVC) AND ADDITIVES ................................... 11 2.2 DIFFERENT TYPES AND QUALITIES OF POLYVINYL CHLORIDE ....................................................... 11 (PVC) ................................................................................................................................................ 11 2.2.1 UNPLASTICIZED POLYVINYL CHLORIDE (UPVC)......................................................................... 12 2.2.2 CHLORINATED POLYVINYL CHLORIDE (CPVC) ........................................................... 12 2.2.3 ORIENTED POLYVINYL CHLORIDE (OPVC) .................................................................... 12 2.3 DIFFERENT TYPES OF ADDITIVES AND THEIR FUNCTIONS ............................................................ 13 2.4 TYPES OF ADDITIVES ................................................................................................................. 13 2.5 FUNCTIONS OF ADDITIVES ......................................................................................................... 13 2.5.1 PLASTICIZERS ........................................................................................................................ 13 2.5.2 STABILIZERS ........................................................................................................................... 14 2.5.3 LUBRICANTS ........................................................................................................................... 14 2.5.4 IMPACT MODIFIER ................................................................................................................. 15 2.5.5 PIGMENTS ................................................................................................................................ 15 2.5.6 PROCESS AIDS ....................................................................................................................... 15 2.5.7 REINFORCEMENT .................................................................................................................. 16 2.5.8 FLAME RETARDANT ............................................................................................................. 16 2.5.9 FILLERS .................................................................................................................................... 16 2.5.1.0 COMPATIBILIZERS ............................................................................................................. 16 3. METHOD ............................................................................................................................. 17 3.1 THE RAW MATERIALS OF POLYVINYL CHLORIDE (PVC) ................................................................ 17 3.2 A PETROCHEMICAL PRODUCT .................................................................................................... 17 3.3 CRUDE OIL ................................................................................................................................ 19 3.4 FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION ........................................................................................................ 19 3.5 CRACKING ................................................................................................................................. 20 3.6 REFORMING .............................................................................................................................. 21 3.7 PRODUCTION OF POLYVINYL CHLORIDE (PVC) FROM VINYL CHLORIDE MONOMER (VCM) ........... 21 3.8 CHLORINATION ......................................................................................................................... 22 3.9 DIRECT CHLORINATION METHOD ............................................................................................... 22 3.9.1 OXYCHLORINATION METHOD ................................................................................................. 23 3.9.2 POLYMERIZATION .................................................................................................................. 24 3.9.3 SUSPENSION POLYMERIZATION METHOD ............................................................................... 24 4. CHARACTERISTICS OF POLYVINYL CHLORIDE(PVC) AS A MATERIAL ..................................... 25 4.1.0 VERSATILITY ........................................................................................................................... 26 4.1.1 FIRE RETARDING PROPERTIES ........................................................................................ 26 4.1.2 DURABILITY ............................................................................................................................. 27 4.1.3 CHEMICALS RESISTANT ..................................................................................................... 27 2 4.1.4 MECHANICAL STABILITY .................................................................................................... 29 4.1.5 PROCESSABILITY AND MOULDABILITY ......................................................................... 30 5. RECYCLING METHODS AND BENEFITS .................................................................................. 31 5.1 RECYCLABILITY .......................................................................................................................... 31 5.1.1 MECHANICAL RECYCLING ................................................................................................. 32 5.1.2 CHEMICAL RECYCLING ............................................................................................................ 32 5.2 ECO-EFFICIENCY ........................................................................................................................ 34 5.3 PUBLIC SAFETY .......................................................................................................................... 35 6. PLASTICS CONSUMPTION IN THE WORLD ............................................................................ 35 6.1 VOLUME USED OF POLYVINYL CHLORIDE (PVC) IN THE WORLD. ................................................. 35 6.2 PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION RATE OF POLYVINYL CHLORIDE (PVC) IN CHINA .................... 36 6.3 IMPORTS AND EXPORTS CAPACITY OF POLYVINYL CHLORIDE (PVC) IN CHINA ............................. 37 6.4 CONSUMPTION AND EXPORT .................................................................................................... 39 6.5 COST ......................................................................................................................................... 41 6.6 DEVELOPMENT OF VOLUME COST PRICE PER KILOGRAME (ton) ................................................. 41 6.7 SIGNIFICANCE OF VOLUME COST TO THE PLASTIC MANUFACTURERS.......................................... 43 7. COMPARISON OF POLYVINYL CHLORIDE (PVC) TO SOME OTHER MATERIALS ....................... 45 7.1 POLYVINYL CHLORIDE (PVC) COMPARED WITH POLYPROPENE (PP) AND ACRYLONITRILE BUTADI ENE STYRENE (ABS)........................................................................................................................... 45 7.2 POLYVINYL CHLORIDE (PVC) COMPARED WITH ACRYLONITRILE BUTADIENE STYRENE (ABS) ........ 46 7.3 POLYVINYL CHLORIDE (PVC) COMPARED WITH HIGH DENSITY POLYETHYLENE (HDPE) ............. 47 7.4 POLYVINYL CHLORIDE (PVC) COMPARED WITH ELASTOMERS AND RUBBER ...............................