MISSION & ACKNOWLEGEMENTS Mission Statement The Interstate Commission for Adult Offender Supervision will guide the transfer of offenders in a manner that promotes effective& supervision strategies consistent with public safety, offender accountability, and victims’ rights. Acknowledgements The Commission would like to acknowledge the assistance of all the individuals involved in drafting this book and, more specifically, to the authors and reviewers that took part in the review process. Our sincere gratitude goes to the chapter’s authors who contributed their time and expertise to this resource. We also wish to acknowledge the valuable contributions of the reviewers regarding the improvement of quality, coherence, and content presentation. We are fortunate that the nation’s leading legal experts on interstate compact law dedicated their considerable knowledge and skills to this work. Many thanks to: Michael L. Buenger, Executive Vice President and Chief of Operations for the National Center for State Courts Richard L. (Rick) Masters, Legal Counsel for the Interstate Commission for Adult Offender Supervision Jeffrey Litwak, Legal Counsel for the Columbia River Gorge Commission James Markham, Associate Professor of Public Law and Government for the University of North Carolina Chapel Hill School of Government Jeremy Mussman, Deputy Director, Maricopa County Public Defender Mark Hodgson, Maricopa County Public Defender Law Clerk 2 3 INTERSTATE COMPACT LAW - A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE ................................................................... 8 Chapter 1 - General Law of Interstate Compacts ............................................................................................ 9 Bench Book - 1.1 Who Must Comply with an Interstate Compact? ................................................................. 9 Bench Book - 1.2 Nature of Interstate Compacts .......................................................................................... 10 Bench Book - 1.2.1 Interstate Compacts are Formal Agreements Between States ................................ 10 Bench Book - 1.2.2 Compacts Are Not Uniform Laws ............................................................................ 11 Bench Book - 1.2.3 Compacts Are Not Administrative Agreements ....................................................... 11 Bench Book - 1.3 Delegation of State Authority to an Interstate Commission .............................................. 11 Bench Book - 1.4 Congressional Consent Requirement ................................................................................. 11 Bench Book - 1.4.1 When Consent is Required ....................................................................................... 12 Bench Book - 1.4.2 Withdrawal and Modification of Congressional Consent ......................................... 13 Bench Book - 1.4.3 Implications of Congressional Consent .................................................................... 13 Bench Book - 1.5 Interpretation of Interstate Compacts ............................................................................... 15 Bench Book - 1.6 Application of State Law that Conflicts with an Interstate Compact ................................. 16 Bench Book - 1.7 Special Considerations for Litigation Involving Interstate Commissions .......................... 17 Bench Book - 1.7.1 Relief Must Be Consistent with the Compact .......................................................... 17 Bench Book - 1.7.2 Eleventh Amendment Issues for Interstate Commissions ........................................ 18 Bench Book - 1.8 Party State, Interstate Commission, and Third-Party Enforcement Compacts .................. 19 Bench Book - 1.9 Recommended Sources of Compact Law and Information ................................................ 20 Chapter 2 - Interstate Commission for Adult Offender Supervision (ICAOS) .......................................... 21 Bench Book - 2.1 History of the Interstate Compact for Probation and Parole (ICPP) .................................. 21 Bench Book - 2.2 Why the Interstate Compact for Adult Offender Supervision? .......................................... 21 Bench Book - 2.3 General Principles Affecting Interstate Movement of Offenders ....................................... 22 Bench Book - 2.4 Historical Development of the ICAOS ................................................................................ 23 Bench Book - 2.5 Purpose of the ICAOS ........................................................................................................ 24 Bench Book - 2.6 Effect of the ICAOS on the States ...................................................................................... 24 Bench Book - 2.7 Adoption and Withdrawal .................................................................................................. 25 Bench Book - 2.8 Effect of Withdrawal .......................................................................................................... 27 Bench Book - 2.9 Key Features of the ICAOS ................................................................................................ 27 Bench Book - 2.10 Key Definitions in the ICAOS (Art II) ............................................................................... 28 Bench Book - 2.11 Interstate Commission ..................................................................................................... 28 Bench Book - 2.11.1 Primary Powers of the Commission ....................................................................... 28 Bench Book - 2.11.2 Rulemaking Powers ................................................................................................ 29 Bench Book - 2.12 Enforcement of the Compact and its Rules (Art. IX & Art. XII) ....................................... 30 Bench Book - 2.12.1 General Principles of Enforcement ........................................................................ 30 Bench Book - 2.12.2 Judicial Enforcement .............................................................................................. 30 Chapter 3 - The ICAOS Implications for the Courts ..................................................................................... 32 Bench Book - 3.1 Key Definitions in the Rules ............................................................................................... 32 Bench Book - 3.2 Judicial Considerations ...................................................................................................... 33 Bench Book - 3.2.1 Offender Eligibility Criteria ..................................................................................... 33 Bench Book - 3.2.1.1 Offenders Covered by the ICAOS ................................................................... 34 Bench Book - 3.2.1.2 Eligibility of Offenders, Residency Requirements - General Overview .......... 35 Bench Book - 3.2.1.3 Special Rules for Military Personnel and Their Families ............................... 37 Bench Book - 3.2.1.4 Employment Transfers of Offenders and Their Families ............................... 37 Bench Book - 3.2.1.5 Persons Not Covered by the ICAOS ............................................................... 38 Bench Book - 3.2.1.6 Sentencing Considerations ............................................................................ 38 Bench Book - 3.2.1.6.1 Deferred Sentencing ............................................................................ 39 Bench Book - 3.2.1.6.2 Deferred Prosecution ........................................................................... 40 Bench Book - 3.2.1.6.3 What Constitutes Second and Subsequent Conviction of Driving While Impaired? ........................................................................................................................... 41 Bench Book - 3.2.2 Special Considerations ............................................................................................. 41 Bench Book - 3.2.2.1 Out-of-state Treatment ................................................................................... 41 Bench Book - 3.3 Initiating the Transfer Process .......................................................................................... 41 Bench Book - 3.3.1 Time of Transfer ....................................................................................................... 42 Bench Book - 3.3.1.1 Expedited Transfers ....................................................................................... 42 Bench Book - 3.3.1.2 Reporting Instructions for Probationers Living in the Receiving State at the Time of Sentencing or After Disposition of a Violation or Revocation Proceeding ................... 43 Bench Book - 3.3.2 Pre-Acceptance Testing ........................................................................................... 43 4 Bench Book - 3.3.3 Post-Acceptance Testing .......................................................................................... 43 Bench Book - 3.3.4 Transfer of Supervision of Sex Offenders ................................................................ 44 Bench Book - 3.4 Supervision in the Receiving State .................................................................................... 44 Bench Book - 3.4.1 Duration of Supervision ........................................................................................... 44 Bench Book - 3.4.2 Type of Supervision in Receiving State ................................................................... 45 Bench Book - 3.4.2.1 Disabled Offenders